IS 3003 Chapter 10
What are the six quality dimensions of decisions?
1. Accuracy 2. Comprehensiveness 3. Fairness 4. Speed 5. Coherence 6. Due process
What are three capabilities ESSs usually offer?
1. Consolidation 2. Drill-down 3. Slice and Dice
What are six elements in the business intelligence environment?
1. Data from business environment 2. Business intelligence infrastructure 3. Business analytics toolset 4. Managerial users and methods 5. Delivery platform - MIS, DSS, ESS 6. User interface
What are the four steps of Simon's decision-making process?
1. Intelligence 2. Design 3. Choice 4. Implementation
What are six components of an expert system?
1. Knowledge Acquisition Facility 2. Knowledge Base 3. Knowledge Base Management System 4. User Interface 5. Explanation Facility 6. Inference Engine
What are six virtual reality applications?
1. Military flight simulations 2. Virtual medicine 3. Entertainment 4. Education and training 5. Marketing: Real estate, tourism, product trials 6. Design and testing
What tools does DSS software system contain for data analysis?
1. OLAP tools 2. Data mining tools 3. Mathematical and analytical models
What are five requirements of knowledge work systems?
1. Specialized tools such as powerful graphics, analytical tools, and communications and document management 2. Computing power to handle sophisticated graphics or complex calculations 3. Access to external databases 4. User-friendly interfaces 5. Knowledge workstations are often designed and optimized for the specific tasks to be performed
What are three kinds of knowledge?
1. Structured 2. Semistructured 3. Tacit knowledge (unstructured)
Pivot table displays three formats... 1. time of ____ and ______ ______. 2. ______ type and ______ ______. 3. ______ type, ______, and ______.
1. day; average purchase 2. payment; average purchase 3. Payment; region; source
Applications and technologies to help users make better business decisions
Business Intelligence
Knowledge and past experiences of human specialists are represented as cases (situations, events) and stored in a database for later retrieval System searches for stored cases with problem characteristics similar to new one, finds closest fit, and applies solutions of old case to new case
Case-based reasoning
generates and manipulates high quality graphics in real-time
Central coordinating processor and software system
Choosing among solution alternatives defines which part of Simon's decision-making process?
Choice
Involves the aggregation of information and features simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated information; summaries
Consolidation
What is the goal of virtual reality?
Create an environment in which users can interact and participate as they do in the real world
collection of current or historical data from a number of applications or groups
DSS database
Permits easy interaction between users of the DSS and the DSS software program and analysis tools
DSS user interface
Present data in graphical form to help users see patterns and relationships in large quantities of data
Data visualization tools
Use OLAP and data mining to analyze large pools of data in major corporate systems
Data-driven DSS
Interactive information system that combines data and sophisticated mathematical and statistical models for complex analysis
Decision support system (DSS)
Identifying and exploring various alternatives/solutions defines which part of Simon's decision-making process?
Design
What do most ESSs utilize?
Digital dashboard
Enables users to get details, and details of details, of information; provide details behind the summary values on a key-indicator or exception report
Drill-down
help manage both structured & semi-structured knowledge and have capabilities for knowledge capture, storage, retrieval, distribution and preservation
Enterprise content management systems
What deals with all three types of knowledge and is a general-purpose, firm-wide systems that collect, store, distribute, and apply digital content and knowledge?
Enterprise-wide knowledge management systems
MIS has ______ ______ produced when a situation is unusual or requires management action
Exception reports
Help senior managers address strategic issues and long-term trends
Executive support systems (ESS)
What is useful for dealing with problems of classification in which there are relatively few alternative outcomes and in which these possible outcomes are known in advance?
Expert systems
Performs tasks similar to what a human expert does by explaining to end users how recommendations are derived
Explanation Facility
What type of model is used to forecast or predict future performance or behavior
Forecasting models
What are two reasoning strategies used by the inference engine?
Forward chaining and backward chaining
A mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information Allows shades of gray - does not require everything to be simple black or white, yes/no, T/F
Fuzzy Logic
Which intelligent system technique is used to solve complex problems that are very dynamic and complex, involving hundreds or thousands of variables or formulas
Genetic algorithms
Use data visualization technology to analyze and display data in the form of digitized maps.
Geographic information systems (GIS)
Interactive, computer-based systems that facilitate solving of unstructured problems by a set of decision makers
Group Decision-Support System (GDSS)
Used in conference rooms with special hardware and software for collecting, ranking, storing ideas and decisions
Group Decision-Support System (GDSS)
Making chosen alternative work and monitoring how well solution is working defines which part of Simon's decision-making process?
Implementation
The part of the Expert system that seeks information and relationships from the user and the knowledge base and then provides answers, predictions and suggestions the way a human expert would
Inference engine
Discovering, identifying, and understanding the problems occurring in the organization—why is there a problem, where, what effects it is having on the firm defines which part of Simon's decision-making process?
Intelligence
Computer-aided design (CAD) systems, Investment workstations, Virtual reality systems are all examples of what?
KWS: knowledge work systems
The processes developed for creating, storing, transferring, and applying knowledge
Knowledge Management
What are specialized systems for knowledge workers?
Knowledge Work Systems
Specialized knowledge in a specific field, facts about the subject/domain, and heuristics describing the reasoning procedures by which an expert reaches a conclusion are the three parts of what?
Knowledge base
Used to keep the knowledge base updated with changes to facts, figures, and rules; works with the Knowledge Acquisition Facility
Knowledge base Management System
provide tools for management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning and training
LMS: learning management systems
_______ _______ ______ help managers monitor and control a business by providing information on the firm's performance.
Management Information Systems (MIS)
A model of the situation/problem is developed, various input factors are changed, and the output changes are measured.
Model-driven DSS
Attempt to emulate the way the human brain works & learns Use hardware and software that parallel the processing patterns of a biological brain - modeled after the brain's mesh-like networks of interconnected neurons
Neural Networks
Which intelligent system technique is useful for solving complex, poorly understood problems for which large amounts of data have been collected by humans training the network?
Neural Networks
What type of models determine optimal resource allocation to maximize or minimize specified variables
Optimization models
MIS has ______ ______ ______ which based on data from TPS - prespecified content, format and time period.
Regularly scheduled reports
Conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes - may be combined with probabilities.
Rules
What type of decision is not as well defined by standard procedures and also may include a human or subjective element? Only part of problem has clear-cut answer provided by accepted procedure.
Semistructured
What models ask "what-if" questions repeatedly to determine the impact on outcomes of changes?
Sensitivity analysis models
Looks at information from different perspectives
Slice and Dice
What type of models helps establish relationships like relating product sales to differences in age, income or other factors?
Statistical models
What type of decision is repetitive, routine, and easy to automate. They are also called programmable decisions and involve definite povedure for handling them so they do not have to be treated as new.
Structured
What are three types of decisions?
Structured, semistructured, unstructured
Knowledge residing in heads of employees, rarely written down; personal or informal knowledge
Tacit knowledge
MIS has ______ ______ which is where the parameters or crieteria for initiating an exception report
Trigger points
What type of decision is novel, unique, important, and nonroutine? There is no well-understood or agreed-upon procedure for making them and the decision maker must provide judgment,experience, intuition to solve the problem.
Unstructred
Senior management makes _______ decisions, Middle Management makes _______ decisions, and Operation Management makes _______ decisions.
Unstructured; semistructured; structured.
Provides user-friendly access to the expert system
User Interface
Head Mounted Display with eye screens, position trackers to monitor location and movement Stereo earphones
Visual and aural systems
Knowledge network systems may include a knowledge database of ____ _____, or ______ _____ ______
best practice; frequently asked questions
Tacit knowledge often represents an organization's _____ ______
best practices
_____-_____ ______ is used in medical diagnostic systems and customer support
case-based reasoning
In case-based reasoning, the system can query the user for _______ or more ______ in order to find a match Successful and unsuccessful applications are _____ and _____ in database for future referral
clarification; information tagged; linked
GDSSs promote a ________ atmosphere by guaranteeing contributors' _______ as well as support increased meeting _____ with increased _______.
collaborative; anonymity; sizes; productivity
Enterprise content management systems include _____ _____ _______ _______ to manage unstructured digital data like photographs, graphic images, video, and audio
digital asset management systems
Integrates information from multiple sources and presents it in a unified, understandable format, and often includes charts and graphs
digital dashboard
Offers up-to-the-minute snapshots of information and assist executive decision-makers in identifying trends and potential problems
digital dashboards
Enterprise content management systems have repositories for ______ and ____ _____ and capabilities for collecting and organizing _______ knowledge such as e-mail.
documents; best practices; semistructured
Fuzzy logic allows the system to make "______ ______" based on the likelihood or probability that they are right and it is designed to help computers simulate ______ and ______ in common situations
educated guesses; vagueness; uncertainty
Digital dashboards present key performance indicators and critical measurements to support ______ ______ ______.
executive decision making
Computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems - used to make decisions usually by more experienced employees
expert systems
______ chaining is "data-driven" and ______ chaining is "goal-driven"
forward; backward
Store conditions or facts about the topic
frames
_____ _____ more closely resembles human reasoning and provides solutions to problems requiring expertise that is difficult to represent in the form of crisp IF-THEN rules
fuzzy logic
Attempt to find the optimal solution for a specific problem by examining very large number of alternative solutions for that problem and is based on techniques inspired by evolutionary biology: inheritance, mutation, selection, and so on
genetic algorithms
GIS Support decisions that require knowledge about the _______ _______ of people or other resources.
geographic distribution
Goal-seeking analysis uses a _____ _____ and a _____
goal seek; solver
What analysis sets a target value or "goal" to achieve, then determining "how to get it"
goal seeking analysis
A _____ _____ relays the sense of touch and other physical sensations by using a glove and position tracker (or other haptic device)
haptic interface
DSS incorporate the ______ element as well as ______ and ______.
human; hardware; software
Expert systems make human-like ______ about knowledge contained in a special _______ _____
inferences; knowledge base
Forward chaining starts with _______ from the user, then searches the knowledge base for _____ and ______ that are relevant. Forward chaining is a series of "___-____-___" conditions.
information; rules; relationships; If-Then-Else
the part of the Expert System SW used to acquire and add new knowledge, rules and facts
knowledge acquisition facility
collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome
knowledge base
Used to organize tacit knowledge, provide online directory of corporate experts in well-defined knowledge domains, and use communication technologies to make it easy for employees to find appropriate expert in firm
knowledge network systems
Expert systems have _______-_____ information systems that use knowledge about a specific complex application area to act as an expert consultant to end users
knowledge-based
Knowledge management increases the ability of the organization to _____ from the environment and to incorporate knowledge into ______ ______ and ______ ______.
learn; business processes; decision making
Neural Network's network "_____" patterns from large quantities of data by searching for relationships, building models, and correcting over and over again the model's own ______
learns; mistakes
a walker or other input device (sensor-enabled boots, shoes, rug, mat, etc.) to capture and track foot movement
locomotion tracker
Data glove, game controller, data suit with position trackers are all...
manual control for navigation and selection
A simplified representation or abstraction of reality that illustrates the components or relationships of a phenomenon
model
ESS address ___-_____ decision making (semi-structured or unstructured) and they draw summarized information from ____, ____, and data from external sources.
non-routine; MIS, DSS
You need rules, frames, scripts, a knowledge base management system, a user interface, an explanation facility, and an inference engine to ______ the _______ in a _______ _____
organize; knowledge; knowledge base
Displays two or more dimensions of data in a convenient format
pivot table
ESS typically use a _____ with a Web interface to present content. ESS is used to monitor ________ performance, _____ _______ of competitors, identify changing ______ _______, spot problems, identify ________, and forecast ______
portal; organizational; track activities; market conditions; opportunities; trends
Inference engine provides the ______ or ______ by combining the facts of the situation at hand with the knowledge in the ______ _____ to come up with an answer. It searches the rules or other forms of knowledge and _____ those that are triggered by _____ entered by the user
reasoning; thinking; knowledge base; fires; facts
Backward chaining attempts to justify the ______ or _______ by determining if the facts in the situation would ______ the conclusion
result; conclusion; support
If-then statements are....
rules that suggest certain conditions
Describe a sequence of events
scripts
____-______ ______ ______ is a strategic asset and can provide a competitive advantage
self-generated business knowledge
e-mail, voice mail, digital pictures, bulletin-board postings, designs, memos, graphics, bulleting board postings are all what type of knowledge?
semistructured knowledge
DSS support _______ and _______ decision making.
semistructured; unstructured
Spreadsheets can be used to support ______ ______ because they answer multiple dimensions of questions
sensitivity analysis
Collaboration Tools facilitate information sharing and teamwork using ______ _______, _______, and ______ ______ ______.
social bookmarking; folksonomies; learning management systems (LMS)
explicit knowledge that exists in formal documents or rules (reports, presentations, manuals, books, proposals)
structured knowledge
Enterprise content management systems use classification schemes to organize information into categories so it can be "_____" for easy retrieval
tagged
If there are very few rules, too many rules, problems are in areas that are too wide and shallow, well-structured numerical problems are involved, disagreement among experts, and if problems are solved better by human experts then one or all of these situations would indicate...
to not use an expert system
If human expertise is needed but one expert can't investigate all the dimensions of a problem, scarcity of human experts, knowledge can be represented as rules or heuristics & the subject domain is limited enough to capture, decision or task has already been handled successfully by human experts, decision or task requires consistency and standardization, and/ or if high payoff involved then one or all of these situations would indicate...
to use an expert system
What-if analysis changes ______ in formulas to automatically ______ and ______ the change in outcome. They also use a _______ manager
variable; recalculate; observe; scenario
A _____-__ _____ makes a hypothetical change to the data and observes the impact on the results
what-if analysis (what will happen)