IS 3003 Chapter 10

What are the six quality dimensions of decisions?

1. Accuracy 2. Comprehensiveness 3. Fairness 4. Speed 5. Coherence 6. Due process

What are three capabilities ESSs usually offer?

1. Consolidation 2. Drill-down 3. Slice and Dice

What are six elements in the business intelligence environment?

1. Data from business environment 2. Business intelligence infrastructure 3. Business analytics toolset 4. Managerial users and methods 5. Delivery platform - MIS, DSS, ESS 6. User interface

What are the four steps of Simon's decision-making process?

1. Intelligence 2. Design 3. Choice 4. Implementation

What are six components of an expert system?

1. Knowledge Acquisition Facility 2. Knowledge Base 3. Knowledge Base Management System 4. User Interface 5. Explanation Facility 6. Inference Engine

What are six virtual reality applications?

1. Military flight simulations 2. Virtual medicine 3. Entertainment 4. Education and training 5. Marketing: Real estate, tourism, product trials 6. Design and testing

What tools does DSS software system contain for data analysis?

1. OLAP tools 2. Data mining tools 3. Mathematical and analytical models

What are five requirements of knowledge work systems?

1. Specialized tools such as powerful graphics, analytical tools, and communications and document management 2. Computing power to handle sophisticated graphics or complex calculations 3. Access to external databases 4. User-friendly interfaces 5. Knowledge workstations are often designed and optimized for the specific tasks to be performed

What are three kinds of knowledge?

1. Structured 2. Semistructured 3. Tacit knowledge (unstructured)

Pivot table displays three formats... 1. time of ____ and ______ ______. 2. ______ type and ______ ______. 3. ______ type, ______, and ______.

1. day; average purchase 2. payment; average purchase 3. Payment; region; source

Applications and technologies to help users make better business decisions

Business Intelligence

Knowledge and past experiences of human specialists are represented as cases (situations, events) and stored in a database for later retrieval System searches for stored cases with problem characteristics similar to new one, finds closest fit, and applies solutions of old case to new case

Case-based reasoning

generates and manipulates high quality graphics in real-time

Central coordinating processor and software system

Choosing among solution alternatives defines which part of Simon's decision-making process?

Choice

Involves the aggregation of information and features simple roll-ups to complex groupings of interrelated information; summaries

Consolidation

What is the goal of virtual reality?

Create an environment in which users can interact and participate as they do in the real world

collection of current or historical data from a number of applications or groups

DSS database

Permits easy interaction between users of the DSS and the DSS software program and analysis tools

DSS user interface

Present data in graphical form to help users see patterns and relationships in large quantities of data

Data visualization tools

Use OLAP and data mining to analyze large pools of data in major corporate systems

Data-driven DSS

Interactive information system that combines data and sophisticated mathematical and statistical models for complex analysis

Decision support system (DSS)

Identifying and exploring various alternatives/solutions defines which part of Simon's decision-making process?

Design

What do most ESSs utilize?

Digital dashboard

Enables users to get details, and details of details, of information; provide details behind the summary values on a key-indicator or exception report

Drill-down

help manage both structured & semi-structured knowledge and have capabilities for knowledge capture, storage, retrieval, distribution and preservation

Enterprise content management systems

What deals with all three types of knowledge and is a general-purpose, firm-wide systems that collect, store, distribute, and apply digital content and knowledge?

Enterprise-wide knowledge management systems

MIS has ______ ______ produced when a situation is unusual or requires management action

Exception reports

Help senior managers address strategic issues and long-term trends

Executive support systems (ESS)

What is useful for dealing with problems of classification in which there are relatively few alternative outcomes and in which these possible outcomes are known in advance?

Expert systems

Performs tasks similar to what a human expert does by explaining to end users how recommendations are derived

Explanation Facility

What type of model is used to forecast or predict future performance or behavior

Forecasting models

What are two reasoning strategies used by the inference engine?

Forward chaining and backward chaining

A mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information Allows shades of gray - does not require everything to be simple black or white, yes/no, T/F

Fuzzy Logic

Which intelligent system technique is used to solve complex problems that are very dynamic and complex, involving hundreds or thousands of variables or formulas

Genetic algorithms

Use data visualization technology to analyze and display data in the form of digitized maps.

Geographic information systems (GIS)

Interactive, computer-based systems that facilitate solving of unstructured problems by a set of decision makers

Group Decision-Support System (GDSS)

Used in conference rooms with special hardware and software for collecting, ranking, storing ideas and decisions

Group Decision-Support System (GDSS)

Making chosen alternative work and monitoring how well solution is working defines which part of Simon's decision-making process?

Implementation

The part of the Expert system that seeks information and relationships from the user and the knowledge base and then provides answers, predictions and suggestions the way a human expert would

Inference engine

Discovering, identifying, and understanding the problems occurring in the organization—why is there a problem, where, what effects it is having on the firm defines which part of Simon's decision-making process?

Intelligence

Computer-aided design (CAD) systems, Investment workstations, Virtual reality systems are all examples of what?

KWS: knowledge work systems

The processes developed for creating, storing, transferring, and applying knowledge

Knowledge Management

What are specialized systems for knowledge workers?

Knowledge Work Systems

Specialized knowledge in a specific field, facts about the subject/domain, and heuristics describing the reasoning procedures by which an expert reaches a conclusion are the three parts of what?

Knowledge base

Used to keep the knowledge base updated with changes to facts, figures, and rules; works with the Knowledge Acquisition Facility

Knowledge base Management System

provide tools for management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning and training

LMS: learning management systems

_______ _______ ______ help managers monitor and control a business by providing information on the firm's performance.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

A model of the situation/problem is developed, various input factors are changed, and the output changes are measured.

Model-driven DSS

Attempt to emulate the way the human brain works & learns Use hardware and software that parallel the processing patterns of a biological brain - modeled after the brain's mesh-like networks of interconnected neurons

Neural Networks

Which intelligent system technique is useful for solving complex, poorly understood problems for which large amounts of data have been collected by humans training the network?

Neural Networks

What type of models determine optimal resource allocation to maximize or minimize specified variables

Optimization models

MIS has ______ ______ ______ which based on data from TPS - prespecified content, format and time period.

Regularly scheduled reports

Conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes - may be combined with probabilities.

Rules

What type of decision is not as well defined by standard procedures and also may include a human or subjective element? Only part of problem has clear-cut answer provided by accepted procedure.

Semistructured

What models ask "what-if" questions repeatedly to determine the impact on outcomes of changes?

Sensitivity analysis models

Looks at information from different perspectives

Slice and Dice

What type of models helps establish relationships like relating product sales to differences in age, income or other factors?

Statistical models

What type of decision is repetitive, routine, and easy to automate. They are also called programmable decisions and involve definite povedure for handling them so they do not have to be treated as new.

Structured

What are three types of decisions?

Structured, semistructured, unstructured

Knowledge residing in heads of employees, rarely written down; personal or informal knowledge

Tacit knowledge

MIS has ______ ______ which is where the parameters or crieteria for initiating an exception report

Trigger points

What type of decision is novel, unique, important, and nonroutine? There is no well-understood or agreed-upon procedure for making them and the decision maker must provide judgment,experience, intuition to solve the problem.

Unstructred

Senior management makes _______ decisions, Middle Management makes _______ decisions, and Operation Management makes _______ decisions.

Unstructured; semistructured; structured.

Provides user-friendly access to the expert system

User Interface

Head Mounted Display with eye screens, position trackers to monitor location and movement Stereo earphones

Visual and aural systems

Knowledge network systems may include a knowledge database of ____ _____, or ______ _____ ______

best practice; frequently asked questions

Tacit knowledge often represents an organization's _____ ______

best practices

_____-_____ ______ is used in medical diagnostic systems and customer support

case-based reasoning

In case-based reasoning, the system can query the user for _______ or more ______ in order to find a match Successful and unsuccessful applications are _____ and _____ in database for future referral

clarification; information tagged; linked

GDSSs promote a ________ atmosphere by guaranteeing contributors' _______ as well as support increased meeting _____ with increased _______.

collaborative; anonymity; sizes; productivity

Enterprise content management systems include _____ _____ _______ _______ to manage unstructured digital data like photographs, graphic images, video, and audio

digital asset management systems

Integrates information from multiple sources and presents it in a unified, understandable format, and often includes charts and graphs

digital dashboard

Offers up-to-the-minute snapshots of information and assist executive decision-makers in identifying trends and potential problems

digital dashboards

Enterprise content management systems have repositories for ______ and ____ _____ and capabilities for collecting and organizing _______ knowledge such as e-mail.

documents; best practices; semistructured

Fuzzy logic allows the system to make "______ ______" based on the likelihood or probability that they are right and it is designed to help computers simulate ______ and ______ in common situations

educated guesses; vagueness; uncertainty

Digital dashboards present key performance indicators and critical measurements to support ______ ______ ______.

executive decision making

Computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems - used to make decisions usually by more experienced employees

expert systems

______ chaining is "data-driven" and ______ chaining is "goal-driven"

forward; backward

Store conditions or facts about the topic

frames

_____ _____ more closely resembles human reasoning and provides solutions to problems requiring expertise that is difficult to represent in the form of crisp IF-THEN rules

fuzzy logic

Attempt to find the optimal solution for a specific problem by examining very large number of alternative solutions for that problem and is based on techniques inspired by evolutionary biology: inheritance, mutation, selection, and so on

genetic algorithms

GIS Support decisions that require knowledge about the _______ _______ of people or other resources.

geographic distribution

Goal-seeking analysis uses a _____ _____ and a _____

goal seek; solver

What analysis sets a target value or "goal" to achieve, then determining "how to get it"

goal seeking analysis

A _____ _____ relays the sense of touch and other physical sensations by using a glove and position tracker (or other haptic device)

haptic interface

DSS incorporate the ______ element as well as ______ and ______.

human; hardware; software

Expert systems make human-like ______ about knowledge contained in a special _______ _____

inferences; knowledge base

Forward chaining starts with _______ from the user, then searches the knowledge base for _____ and ______ that are relevant. Forward chaining is a series of "___-____-___" conditions.

information; rules; relationships; If-Then-Else

the part of the Expert System SW used to acquire and add new knowledge, rules and facts

knowledge acquisition facility

collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome

knowledge base

Used to organize tacit knowledge, provide online directory of corporate experts in well-defined knowledge domains, and use communication technologies to make it easy for employees to find appropriate expert in firm

knowledge network systems

Expert systems have _______-_____ information systems that use knowledge about a specific complex application area to act as an expert consultant to end users

knowledge-based

Knowledge management increases the ability of the organization to _____ from the environment and to incorporate knowledge into ______ ______ and ______ ______.

learn; business processes; decision making

Neural Network's network "_____" patterns from large quantities of data by searching for relationships, building models, and correcting over and over again the model's own ______

learns; mistakes

a walker or other input device (sensor-enabled boots, shoes, rug, mat, etc.) to capture and track foot movement

locomotion tracker

Data glove, game controller, data suit with position trackers are all...

manual control for navigation and selection

A simplified representation or abstraction of reality that illustrates the components or relationships of a phenomenon

model

ESS address ___-_____ decision making (semi-structured or unstructured) and they draw summarized information from ____, ____, and data from external sources.

non-routine; MIS, DSS

You need rules, frames, scripts, a knowledge base management system, a user interface, an explanation facility, and an inference engine to ______ the _______ in a _______ _____

organize; knowledge; knowledge base

Displays two or more dimensions of data in a convenient format

pivot table

ESS typically use a _____ with a Web interface to present content. ESS is used to monitor ________ performance, _____ _______ of competitors, identify changing ______ _______, spot problems, identify ________, and forecast ______

portal; organizational; track activities; market conditions; opportunities; trends

Inference engine provides the ______ or ______ by combining the facts of the situation at hand with the knowledge in the ______ _____ to come up with an answer. It searches the rules or other forms of knowledge and _____ those that are triggered by _____ entered by the user

reasoning; thinking; knowledge base; fires; facts

Backward chaining attempts to justify the ______ or _______ by determining if the facts in the situation would ______ the conclusion

result; conclusion; support

If-then statements are....

rules that suggest certain conditions

Describe a sequence of events

scripts

____-______ ______ ______ is a strategic asset and can provide a competitive advantage

self-generated business knowledge

e-mail, voice mail, digital pictures, bulletin-board postings, designs, memos, graphics, bulleting board postings are all what type of knowledge?

semistructured knowledge

DSS support _______ and _______ decision making.

semistructured; unstructured

Spreadsheets can be used to support ______ ______ because they answer multiple dimensions of questions

sensitivity analysis

Collaboration Tools facilitate information sharing and teamwork using ______ _______, _______, and ______ ______ ______.

social bookmarking; folksonomies; learning management systems (LMS)

explicit knowledge that exists in formal documents or rules (reports, presentations, manuals, books, proposals)

structured knowledge

Enterprise content management systems use classification schemes to organize information into categories so it can be "_____" for easy retrieval

tagged

If there are very few rules, too many rules, problems are in areas that are too wide and shallow, well-structured numerical problems are involved, disagreement among experts, and if problems are solved better by human experts then one or all of these situations would indicate...

to not use an expert system

If human expertise is needed but one expert can't investigate all the dimensions of a problem, scarcity of human experts, knowledge can be represented as rules or heuristics & the subject domain is limited enough to capture, decision or task has already been handled successfully by human experts, decision or task requires consistency and standardization, and/ or if high payoff involved then one or all of these situations would indicate...

to use an expert system

What-if analysis changes ______ in formulas to automatically ______ and ______ the change in outcome. They also use a _______ manager

variable; recalculate; observe; scenario

A _____-__ _____ makes a hypothetical change to the data and observes the impact on the results

what-if analysis (what will happen)