ISAS Final

Speed of Light

300,000 km/s

Height of ISS Orbit

330km-435km

Pressurization of Spacesuits

4.3 psi

Mars Solar

43% amount of sunlight Earth gets

ISS Mass

500 tons

ISS Lab Facilities

6

Moon Landings

6 successful between 1969 and 1972

Days per Martian Year

687 sols (Earth Solar Days)

ISS Solar Intake

84-120 Kilowatts (124 volts)

Value of Acceleration Due to Gravity

9.8 m/s^2

ISS Resupply Schedule

90 days

Soyuz

A Russian spacecraft that has been in use since the cold war. it is currently the only vehicle capable taking man to the ISS.

Space Product Development

A program designed to bring the products used in space down to practical applications on Earth.

Mars Pathfinder Landing Site/Why

Ares Vallis. Chosen based on the safety of the landing and the wide variety of rocks to study.

Similarities between Earth and Mars

Both planets have roughly the same amount of dry land surface area. Both have same types of geological formations. Both have similar day periods. Similar sized moons when compared to planet. Both have similar seasons throughout the year.

White

First American to walk in space. Dies in the Apollo one pre-launch fire. He was outside Gemini 4 for 21 minutes, and became the first man to control himself in space during EVA with a maneuvering unit.

Armstrong

First man to set foot on the moon and said the famous words "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind".

Leonov

First person to per from an EVA in space from a Russian Voskhod-2 spacecraft.

Dennis Tito

First space tourist. Spent eight days on the international space station before being returned to Earth.

FD

Flight Director- responsible for overall mission and payloads. Flight Day- Length into mission.

FDO

Flight Dynamics Officer- plans maneuvers and monitors trajectories.

Martyn Fogg

In 1989, scientist Martyn Fogg suggested carbon dioxide might be located in its carbonate rocks. He suggested using 10 million fusion bombs to vaporize the rocks and free the carbon dioxide.

David McKay

In Progress...

Chris Mckay

In the 1980's, Planetary scientist Chris McKay suggested that we could seed the Martian polar caps with green plants or genetically engineered microbes that extract the liquid water they need from ice. These organisms would be dark and, thus, would absorb more sunlight that would warm up the ice and increase the overall rate of evaporation.

Sabatier Process

It involves the reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures (optimally 300-400 °C) and pressures in the presence of a nickel catalyst to produce methane and water.

Schiaperelli

Italian astronomer who is famous for his observations of Mars. He believed he observed oceans and continents on the surface.

Benefits of Robot vs. Manned Mars Missions

Less cost. Can go right now. Less complicated. No risk to human life.

Musgrave

Most formally educated astronaut with six degrees. First to do a space shuttle EVA. Dr. Musgrave participated in the design and development of all Space Shuttle extravehicular activity equipment including spacesuits, life support systems, airlocks, and manned maneuvering units.

Mars Recon Orbiter

NASA developed a long-term Mars exploration program that charted a course for the next two decades. This mission conducted remote sensing of the planet's surface to identify evidence of past or present water and also help identify safe and scientifically exciting landing sites for future robotic and perhaps someday human missions.

Phobos

Named after Greek word for fear. Large asteroid that managed to get caught by Mars. Irregular in shape. Orbits Mars every seven hours. Orbits at 6,000km and is slowly being pulled in. Rises in the west and sets in the east, only satellite to do that. May contain up to 20% water.

ISS First Populated

November 2nd, 2000

Columbia Disaster

Occurred on January 16th, 2003. Communication with the shuttle was lost during reentry. Cause was traced to damage in the thermal protection system allowing hot reentry gases to enter the vehicle breaking it up.

Challenger Disaster

Occurred on January 28th, 1986. First failure of the space shuttle. Resulted from the failure of the aft o-ring in the left SRB from sealing which resulted in hot gases burning through and impacting the fuel tank. Caused the death of seven astronauts.

Beginning of NASA

October 1st, 1958

When and How to Travel to Mars

Once every two years (780 days) the planets come close enough that the trip can expend a relatively low amount of energy and only take six to seven months to get there. Current plans use chemical propulsion to push the spacecraft out of Earth orbit and on a trajectory that will intercept Mars. Once there we just plan to "follow the water".

G-force

One gee is equal to the same amount of acceleration experienced by the body while standing on Earth. Measured with an accelerometer.

X-Prize

The Ansari X-Prize was a competition setup to encourage companies to design a spacecraft capable of taking three people, or their equivalent weight, into space and returning at least 90% of the vehicle. They had to be able to do it twice in two weeks. The $10 million went to Virgin Galactic on October 4th, 2004 with spaceship one.

Magellan Spacecraft

The Magellan spacecraft, launched by NASA on May 4, 1989, to map the surface of Venus by using synthetic aperture radar and to measure the planetary gravitational field. First Spacecraft launched from shuttle.

Mars Climate Orbiter

The Mars Climate Orbiter launched on December 11, 1998 to study the Martian climate, Martian atmosphere, and surface changes and to act as the communications relay in the Mars Surveyor '98 program for Mars Polar Lander. However, on September 23, 1999, communication with the spacecraft was lost as the spacecraft went into orbital insertion.

Characteristics of the Moon

The time between successive new moons is 29.5 days. The Moon's gravitational attraction is stronger on the side of the Earth nearest to the Moon. Tidally locked. Lunar regolith contains oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron, calcium, aluminum and titanium. We collect Helium-3, finerglass, glass and other building materials.

Space Suit Cost

$10,000,000

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

1. Each planet revolves around the Sun in an elliptical path, with the Sun occupying one of the foci of the ellipse. 2. A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. 3. The squares of the planets' orbital periods are proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits. This has to do with the amount of time it takes a satellite to make one orbit around the Earth. This is called the orbital period. The orbital period always relates to the altitude of the satellite. Higher orbits take a longer time to complete than lower orbits. The reason for this is that, in a higher orbit, the satellite must travel a longer distance to complete one revolution, or orbital period around the Earth.

Objective of Apollo Program

1. Establish the technology required to meet other national interests in space 2. Achieve preeminence in space for the United States 3. Carry out a program of scientific exploration of the Moon 4. Develop the human capability to work in the lunar environment

Objective of Mercury Program

1. Place manned spacecraft in Earth orbit. 2. Investigate human's performance capabilities and our ability to function in the environment of space. 3. Recover crew and spacecraft safely.

Objective of Gemini Program

1. Subject two humans and supporting equipment to long-duration flights. 2. Effect rendezvous and docking with other orbiting vehicles, and to maneuver the docked vehicles in space using the propulsion system of the target vehicle for such maneuvers. 3. Perfect methods of reentry and landing the spacecraft at a preselected land landing. 4. Gain additional information concerning the effects of weightlessness on crew members and record the physiological reactions of crew members during long-duration flights.

Food's Shelf Life

12 months

Thrust of Space Shuttle SRB

12,000 kN (2,800,000 lbf)

Number of Partners on ISS

15

Columbia Launch

1981

Discovery Launch

1988

Completion of ISS

2010

Length of Martian Day

24 hours 40 minutes

Number of Flight Control Rooms

3

Time to Travel to Moon

3 days for Apollo

C3PO

An organization in charge of managing NASA's resupply and crew transfer missions.

Space Shuttle Experiments

Earth Observation, Space Biology, Biomedical, Plant Growth, Materials Science, Combustion Science, Physics Work, Micro-gravity Experiments

Sagan

American astronomer, cosmologist, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in astronomy and other natural sciences. He is best known for his work as a science popularizer and communicator. best known for his work in extra terrestrial life and first to create messages that could potetially be understood by them.

Lovell

Command module pilot for Apollo 8, the first to orbit the moon. Commander of Apollo 13 which suffered a serious problem but returned safely to Earth.

Young

Commander of Apollo 16. On first Gemini flight. Commanded first space shuttle mission. First person to orbit the moon alone.

CEV

Crew Exploration Vehicle

DPS

Data Processing System- monitors data processing systems and computers.

Human Body Reaction to Space

Decreased muscle mass. Loss of bone density. Psychological stresses.

Return on Investment

Every $1 spent we get back $7.

Mars Express

Mars Express was the first mission of the European Space Agency's long-term science exploration program.The mission's main objective was to search for subsurface water from orbit and drop a lander on the Martian surface. 7 instruments

Mars Observer

Mars Observer was a NASA mission designed to study the surface, atmosphere, interior and magnetic field of Mars from orbit. The mission was to last 1 Martian year (687 Earth days) to allow observations during all four seasons. Mars Observer was launched on September 25, 1992. Loss of communication right before orbital insertion in 1993.

Differences between Earth and Mars

Mars is one-half the size of Earth. Atmosphere is made primarily of carbon dioxide. Gravity is 38%. Mars does not have any liquid water on it. Mars has much larger volcanoes due to the lower gravity. Mars is significantly older than the Earth and has limited core activity.

Fail-Operational Performance

Meas that a failure of one of the systems will leave the spacecraft operational to complete necessary tasks.

Radiation Exposed to on the ISS

Over three months more than three times the max amount desired annually

Eisenhower

President that started NASA.

Kennedy

President who announced we would be going to the moon before the decade was out. Huge proponent of the space program.

Zarya

Russian meaning "Sunrise". First module of ISS. U.S. funded, Russian built module designed to provide the ISS with propulsion and power. Weighed 42,600 pounds pressurized, launched on a Russian Proton rocket in November 1998.

Single System Trainer

SSTs are the astronaut's first exposure to the spacecraft. After studying orbital mechanics and basic systems, the astronauts are put into small simple simulators that look and act just like the real thing.

171 day Skylab Crew

Scientist-astronaut Edward G. Gibson, science pilot; astronaut Gerald P. Carr, commander; and astronaut William R. Pogue, pilot.

SAFER

Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) is a small, self-contained, propulsive backpack system (jet pack) worn during spacewalks, to be used in case of emergency only. If an untethered astronaut were to lose physical contact with the vessel, it would provide free-flying mobility to return to it.

Deimos

Smaller that Phobos (10km) and orbits once every 30 hours. Smoother due to a thicker layer of regolith on the surface. Name means panic.

Phoenix Lander

The Phoenix Mission had two bold objectives which were to (1) study the history of water in the Martian arctic and (2) search for evidence of a habitable zone and assess the biological potential of the ice-soil boundary.

Alpha Centurai

The closest star to our solar system located 4.37 light years away. It consists of three stars: the double star Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B together with a small and faint red dwarf, Alpha Centauri C (also named Proxima Centauri), that may be gravitationally bound to the other two. To the unaided eye, the two main components appear as a single point of light , forming the brightest star in the southern constellation of Centaurus and is the third-brightest star in the night sky, outshone only by Sirius and Canopus.

Radiation Dosages

The concentration of ionizing energy deposited into your body.

Harvest Moon

The full moon that is seen nearest to the time of the autumnal equinox.

Perigee

The point at which a satellite is the closest point from the body it is orbiting.

Apogee

The point at which a satellite is the furthest point from the body it is orbiting.

Sojourner

The rover part of the pathfinder mission.The scientific objectives included studying the atmosphere, photographing the surface, and completing rock and soil composition experiments, with the general objective being to characterize the Martian environment for further exploration.

Methods of Terra-forming Mars

The use of fusion bombs to free the CO2 in the carbonate rocks thickening and warming the atmosphere. The use of mirrors in space to melt the ice caps while heating the atmosphere with fluorocarbons. Plant to change the CO2 into O2.

Von Braun

Wernher von Braun was a German engineer who worked on rocket technology, first for Germany and then for the United States. Worked on rocketry and jet propulsion in the U.S. after WWII. Surrendered willingly to American troops in 1945, eventually becoming technical director of the U.S. Army Ordnance Guided Missile Project in Alabama. He was also chiefly responsible for rocketry for the nation's space program. Responsible for designing Apollo, quit afterwards when found out they were not going to Mars.

Carbon Dioxide

a colorless, odorless gas that is a product of cellular respiration and other combustion reactions. Naturally present in the atmosphere. 40% denser than oxygen and responsible for greenhouse gases trapping heat in our atmosphere. Mars's atmosphere is mainly this.