Islam Formative AP WH unit 1
Ghana
"Land of Gold"; the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade
Abbasid Caliphate
(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.
Sasanid Empire
(it was a new Iranian state)Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640. (p. 225)
umma
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.
ulama
The theologians and legal experts of Islam. Best known as the arbiters of sharia law.
which caliph began conquering land outside of Arabia
Umar
state religion of the Sansanids
Zoroastrianism
what did Mani preach?
dualist faith, which derived theologically from Zoroastrianism
Fatimid caliphate
formed by Shi'a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatima. Began in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria.
shah
king
samarra
location of the Great Mosque, world's largest mosque at the time it was built
The Sasanids effectively integrated frontier peoples as _________ or _______
mercenaries or caravaners
Which group destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate?
mongols
Sunnis belief in the unity of the umma was that
never should one person have all the power
Muslim
one who submits to God
khalifa and caliph mean
successor
how did the sasanid empire benefit from the silk road?
the Silk Road provided Mesopotamia with new products
which people constituted the majority of taxpayers in the growing Muslim/Arab world?
the larger non-arab and non-muslim populations paid taxes
Ka'ba
the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth. SHRINE
why were there few efforts to spread islam during the conquest period?
there was no enough material reason for arabs to encourage conversion
how did newly formed principalities threaten the properties of Baghdad
they cut the tax revenue that went to Baghdad
why did Muhammad expel Jewish kinships from the area?
they didn't recognize him as God's messenger
how did the sasanids protect their empire from invasion?
they subsidized nomadic Arab chieftains to protect the empire.
what happened to Mani and his followers?
they were martyred
does islam prohibit consumption of alcohol
yes
sunna
An Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad
Muhammad
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.
the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate was _______
Baghdad
the Umayyad caliphs ruled form the city of ________
Damascus
true or false: Sasanid cities were centers of population and production?
FALSE
some caliphs sponsored projects to translate the great works of _____,_____, and ______ into Arabic
Greek, Persian, and Indian
The _____ marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar
Hijra
why did Muhammad's followers consider his revelations as more perfect than the Bible?
His revelations did not go through an editing process
sharia'a
Islamic law
sultan
Muslim ruler
sunnis
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.
Shiites
Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph
Sasanid Kingdom was established after the defeat of the ____________
Parthinians
what percent of the Umayyad population converted to islam
10%
hadith
A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.
Muhammad's successor
Abu Bakr