ISMN 3830

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metadata

"data about data"

data processing specialist

...

field

A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific meaning. It is used to define and store data. examples: a person's Social Security number, address, phone number, and bank balance

data quality

A comprehensive approach to ensuring the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of data.

data redundancy

A condition that exists when a data environment contains redundant (unnecessarily duplicated) data.

structural dependence

A data characteristic that exists when a change in the database schema affects data access, thus requiring changes in all access programs.

end-user data (raw facts), metadata

A database contains two types of data: ___ and ___.

transactional database

A database designed to keep track of the day-to-day transactions of an organization.

xml database

A database system that stores and manages semistructured XML data.

operational database

A database that is designed primarily to support a company's day-to-day operations. Also known as a online transactional processing (OLTP) transactional database or production database.

multiuser database

A database that supports multiple concurrent users.

single-user database

A database that supports only one user at a time.

data management

A discipline that focuses on data collection, storage, and retrieval. Common ___ functions include addition, deletion, modification, and listing.

workgroup database

A multiuser database that supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or that is used for a specific department in an organization.

file

A named collection of related records. example: a __ might contain data about the students currently enrolled at Auburn

query language

A nonprocedural language that is used by a DBMS to manipulate its data. An example of __ is SQL.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

A powerful and flexible relational database language composed of commands that enable users to create database and table structures, perform various types of data manipulation and data administration, and query the database to extract useful information.

database

A shared, integrated computer structure that houses a collection of related data

desktop database

A single-user database that runs on a personal computer.

island of information

A term used in the old-style file system environment to refer to independent, often duplicated, and inconsistent data pools created and managed by different organizational departments.

database system

An organization of components that defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, and use of data in a database environment.

data warehouse

Bill Inmon, the acknowledged "father of the data warehouse," defines the term as "an integrated, subject-oriented, time-variant, nonvolatile collection of data that provides support for decision making."

metadata

Data about data, that is, data concerning data characteristics and relationships.

unstructured data

Data that exist in their original (raw) state; that is in the format in which they were collected.

semistructured data

Data that have already been processed to some extent.

data integrity

In a relational database, refers to a condition in which the data in the database is in compliance with all entity and referential integrity constraints.

database management system

Refers to the collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.

production database

The main database designed to keep track of the day-to-day operations of a company.

information

The result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. Information consists of transformed data and facilitates decision making.

physical data format

The way in which a computer "sees" (stores) data; how the computer must work with the data.

logical data format

The way in which a human being views data.

XML

Unlike other markup languages, ___ permits the manipulation of a document's data elements; ___ is designed to facilitate the exchange of structured documents such as orders and invoices over the Internet.

structured data

Unstructured data that have been formatted to facilitate storage, use, and the generation of information.

business intelligence

__ describes a comprehensive approach to capture and process business data with the purpose of generating info to support business decision making

data anomily

__ develops when not all of the required changes in the redundant data are made successfully example: an employee moves, but the address change is corrected in only one file and not across all files in the database

attribute

__ is a characteristic of an entity

problem domain

__ is a clearly defined area within the real-world environment, with well-defined scope and boundaries, that will be systematically addressed

data model

__ is a relatively simple representation, usually graphical, of more complex real-world data structures

online analytical processing (OLAP)

__ is a set of tools that work together to provide an advanced data analysis environment for retrieving, processing, and modeling data from the data warehouse

NoSQL (not only SQL)

__ is generally used to describe a new generation of database management systems that is not based on the traditional relational database model

data

__ is one of an org's most valuable assets

database systems. file system

__ provides advantages over ____ management approach: -eliminates inconsistency, data anomalies, data dependency, and structural dependency problems -stores data structures, relationships, and access paths

performance tuning

__ relates to the activities that make a database perform more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.

query

__: a specific request for data manipulation issued to the DBMS for data manipulation (ex. to read or update the data)

data, information

___ (raw facts) VS. ___ (the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning)

general purpose databases

___ contain a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines -ex. a census database that contains general demographic data, the ProQuest databases that contain newspaper, magazine, and journal articles for a variety of topics

discipline specific database

___ contain data focused on specific subject areas. the data in this type of database are used mainly for academic or research purposes within a small set of disciplines -examples: fiancial data stored in databases such as CompuStat, geographic information system databases that store geospatial and other related data, medical databases that store confidential medical history data

unstructured

___ data exist in a format that does not lend itself to the processing that yields info

analytical

___ databases allow the end user to perform advanced data analysis of business data using sophisticated tools

database system

___ disadvantages: -increased costs -management complexity -maintaining currency -vendor dependence -frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

data independence

___ exists when you can change the data storage characteristics without affecting the program's ability to access the data

structural independence

___ exists when you can change the file structure without affecting the application's ability to access the structure

data inconsistency

___ exists with different versions of the same data appear in different places

analytical database

___ focuses primarily on storing historical data and business metrics used exclusively for tactical or strategic decision making

data

___ have little meaning unless they have been organized in some logical manner

extensible markup language (XML)

___ is a metalanguage used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format.

query language

___ is a nonprocedural language that lets the user specify what must be done without having to specify how

database

___ is shared, integrated computer structure housing end user data and metadata

structural dependence

___ means that access to a file is dependent on its structure

database design

___ refers to the activities that focus on the design of the database structure that will be used to store and manage end-user data

data modeling

___ refers to the process of creating a specific data model for a determined problem domain -first step in designing a database

data dependence

___: -change in file's data characteristics requires modification of data access programs -must tell program what to do and how -makes file systems cumbersome from programming and data management views

Database Management System (DBMS)

___: -manages database structure -controls access to data -contains query language

structural depenence

___: change in file structure requires modification of related programs

database design

___: the process that yields the description of the database structure. -process determines the database components.

query, ad hoc query

a __ is a question, and a __ is a spur-of-the-moment question

data processing (DP) specialist

a __ is hired to create a computer based system that would track data and produce required reports

data dependence

a data condition in which the data representation and manipulation are dependent on the physical data storage characteristics

distributed database

a database that supports data distributed across several different sites

centralized database

a database that supports data located at a single site

record

a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing example: the fields that constitute a customer __ might consist of the name, address, phone number, date of birth, credit limit, and unpaid balance

data warehouse

a specialized database that stores data in a format optimized for decision support

ad hoc query

a spur of the moment question

query result set

after a query is issued to the DBMS, the DBMS sends back an answer called the ___

data dictionary

any changes made in a database structure are automatically recorded in the ___, thereby freeing you from having to modify all of the programs that access the changed structure

database model

collection of logical constructs used to represent data structure and relationships within the database

data dictionary

component that stores metadata—data about data. Thus, the data dictionary contains the data definition as well as its characteristics and relationships. A data dictionary may also include data that are external to the DBMS.

inconsistency

data ___ = lack of data integrity

update, insert, delete

data anomalies are commonly defined as the following 3 things

logically, repository

database consists of ___ related data stored in a single ___

DBMS

importance of __: -provides better access to more and better managed data -promotes integrated view of org's operations -reduces the probability of inconsistent data

DBMS

importance of ___: -makes data mngt more efficient and effective -query language allows quick answers to ad hoc queries

data redundancy, decisions

importance of good design: -poor design results in unwanted ___ -poor design generates errors leading to bad ___

database model

in the book, ___ is often used to refer to the implementation of a data model in a specific database system

hardware, software, people, procedures, data

list the 5 majors part that compose the database system

semistructured

most data you encounter are best classified as ___

end-user data

raw facts of interests to the user

data

raw facts, that is, facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user

unstructured, structured

some data might not be ready (__) for some types of processing, but they might be ready (__) for other types of processing

abstraction, dependence

the DBMS provides data ___, and it removes structural and data ___ from the system

data dictionary

the DBMS uses the __ to look up the required data component structures and relationships, this relieving you from having to code such complex relationships into each program

data warehouse

the __ contains historical data obtained from the operational databases as well as data from other external sources

knowledge

the body of information and facts about a specific subject

query result set

the collection of data rows that are returned by a query.

poor data security, data inconsistency, data anomalies

uncontrolled data redundancy sets the stage for what 3 things?

XML databases

unstructured and semistructured data storage and management needs are being addressed through a new generation of databases known as ___

lengthy development times, difficulty of getting quick answers (ad hoc queries are impossible), complex system admin, lack of security and limited data sharing, extensive programming

what are the 5 problems with file system data processing? -problems associated with file systems that severely challenge the types of info that can be created from the data as well as the accuracy of the info

enterprise database

when the database is used by the entire organization and supports many users (more than 50) across many departments, the database is known as a ___

environment, data model

within the database ___, a ___ represents data structures and their characteristics, relations, constraints, transformations, and other constructs with the purpose of supporting a specific problem domain

structure

you apply ___ based on the type of processing that you intend to perform on the data


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