ISOM CHAPTER 5

Types of Computers

1. Personal computers and mobile devices 2. Workstations 3. Servers 4. Mainframes 5. Supercomputers 6. Grid computing

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

1. The foundation technology for web services 2.

Operating System Software

1. controls the application software and manages how the hardware devices work together 2. is the computer system's chief manager, enabling the system to handle many tasks and users at the same time 3. allocates and assigns system resources, schedules the use of computer resources and computer jobs, and monitors computer system activities. 4. provides locations in primary memory for data and programs and controls the input and output devices 5. coordinates the scheduling of work in various areas of the computer so that different parts of different jobs can be worked on simultaneously.

output devices

display data after they have been processed.

Personal computers and mobile devices

have a mobile device with substantial computing capability

client/server model

illustrates the simplest client/server network, consisting of a client computer networked to a server computer, with processing split between the two types of machines, called two-tiered client/server architecture.

centralized processing

in which all processing is accomplished by one large central computer, is much less common.

computer software

includes both system software and application software

Contemporary Hardware Trends

the mobile digital platform, consumerization of IT, nanotechnology and quantum computing, virtualization, cloud computing, green computing, and high-performance/power-saving processors.

solid state drives (SSDs)

use an array of semiconductors organized as a very fast internal disk drive

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

1. Customers use infrastructure and programming tools supported by the cloud service provider to develop their own applications 2. IBM（ offers Bluemix for software development and testing on its cloud infrastructure）

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

1. Customers use processing, storage, networking, and other computing resources from cloud service providers to run their information systems 2. Amazon Web Services offers

Software as a Service (SaaS)

1. Customers use software hosted by the vendor on the vendor's cloud infrastructure and delivered as a service over a network 2. G Suite（ provides common business applications online, and Salesforce.com, which leases customer relationship management and related software services over the Internet） 3. Client-internet- Web Server- Applications( Word Processing, Time Sheets, Sales Tracking)

output device include

1. Display 2. Printers 3. Audio output

Application Server

1. If the client requests access to a corporate system (a product list or price information, for instance), the request is passed along to 2. Application server software: -handles all application operations between a user and an organization's back-end business systems. -may reside on the same computer as the web server or on its own dedicated computer.

Moore's Law

1. In 1965, Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every two years. 2. First CPU had 2,200 transistors. 3. Current CPUs have over 2 billion transistors

Input devices include

1. Keyboard 2. Computer mouse 3. Touch screen 4. Optical character recognition 5. Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) 6. Pen-based input 7. Digital scanner 8. Audio input 9. Sensors

Software Trends

1. Open source software -Linux, Apache 2. Cloud-based software and tools -SaaS (software as a service)(Google Docs) -Mashups (Zip Realty uses Google Maps and Zillow.com) -Apps (Mobile apps)

BYOD (bring your own device)

1. The practice of allowing users to use their own personal devices to connect to an organizational network. 2. is one aspect of the consumerization of IT

Examples of Nanotubes

1. are tiny tubes about 10,000 times thinner than a human hair. 2. They consist of rolled-up sheets of carbon hexagons and have potential uses as minuscule wires or in ultrasmall electronic devices and are very powerful conductors of electrical current.

five major components of IT infrastructure

1. computer hardware 2. computer software 3. data management technology 4. networking and telecommunications technology 5. technology services

Application Software

1. computer software created to allow the user to perform a specific job or task 2. programming languages and software packages, must work through the system software to operate. 3. The user interacts primarily with the application software.

Computer Hardware

1. consists of technology for computer processing, data storage, input, and output 2. includes large mainframes, servers, desktop and laptop computers, and mobile devices for accessing corporate data and the Internet 3. also includes equipment for gathering and inputting data, physical media for storing the data, and devices for delivering the processed information as output.

IS infrastructure

1. enables processing, storage, and transmitting of data 2. Business process-( applications-database)

C++

1. is a newer version of C that has all the capabilities of C plus additional features for working with software objects. 2. Unlike traditional programs, which separate data from the actions to be taken on the data, a software object combines data and procedures.

C

1. is a powerful and efficient language developed in the early 1970s that combines machine portability with tight control and efficient use of computer resources. 2. It is used primarily by professional programmers to create operating systems and application software, especially for PCs.

Visual Basic

1. is a widely used visual programming tool and environment for creating applications that run on Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Private Cloud

1. is operated solely for an organization 2. It might be managed by the organization or a third party and hosted either internally or externally 3. private clouds can allocate storage, computing power, or other resources seamlessly to provide computing resources on an as-needed basis

Public Cloud

1. is owned and maintained by a cloud service provider and made available to the general public or industry group. 2. services are often used for websites with public information and product descriptions, one-time large computing projects, new application development and testing, and consumer services such as online storage of data, music, and photos 3. Google Drive, Dropbox, and Apple iCloud are leading examples of these consumer cloud services.

Virtualization

1. is the process of presenting a set of computing resources (such as computing power or data storage) so that they can all be accessed in ways that are not restricted by physical configuration or geographic location. 2. enables a single physical resource (such as a server or a storage device) to appear to the user as multiple logical resources. 3. Each virtual machine can then run its own operating system and applications 4. VMware is the leading virtualization software vendor for Windows and Linux servers.

system software

1. manages the resources and activities of the computer 2. consisting of operating systems, language translators, and utility programs controls access to the hardware. 3.

Consumerization of IT

1. new information technology that first emerges in the consumer market spreads into business organizations 2. is forcing businesses to rethink the way they obtain and manage information technology equipment and services.

Networking and telecommunications technology

1. provides data, voice, and video connectivity to employees, customers, and suppliers 2. It includes technology for running a company's internal networks, telecommunications/telephone services, and technology for running websites and linking to other computer systems through the Internet

Web services

1. refer to a set of loosely coupled software components that exchange information with each other using universal web communication standards and languages. 2. can exchange information between two systems regardless of the operating systems or programming languages on which the systems are based 3. can be used to build open-standard, web-based applications linking systems of different organizations, and they can be used to create applications that link disparate systems within a single company.

software-defined storage (SDS)

1. separates the software for managing data storage from storage hardware. 2. firms can pool and arrange multiple storage infrastructure resources and efficiently allocate them to meet specific application needs. 3. enables firms to replace expensive storage hardware with lower-cost commodity hardware and cloud storage hardware.

Nanotechnology

1. uses individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit. 2. IBM and other research labs have created transistors from nanotubes.

Quantum computing

1. uses the principles of quantum physics to represent data and perform operations on these data 2. can process bits as 0, 1, or both simultaneously 3. A quantum computer would gain enormous processing power through this ability to be in multiple states at once, allowing it to solve some scientific and business problems millions of times faster than can be done today 4. IBM has made quantum computing available to the general public through IBM Cloud. 5. Google's Alphabet, Volkswagen, and Lockheed Martin are experimenting with quantum technology

Web Server

1. will serve a web page to a client in response to a request for service. 2. Web server software is responsible for locating and managing stored web pages.

client/server computing

A model for computing that splits processing between clients and servers on a network, assigning functions to the machine most able to perform the function.

Service-oriented architecture (SOA)

A model or a set of design principles of how to take data from heterogeneous systems and create re-usable services

software package

A prewritten, precoded, commercially available set of programs that eliminates the need to write software programs for certain functions.

Workstation

A single-user computer more powerful than a microcomputer; commonly used by engineers, scientists, and graphic artists.

Managing the Cloud

Availability/Reliability Scalability Viability Security, Privacy, and Compliance Diversity of Offerings Openness Costs

Technology Services

Businesses need people to run and manage the infrastructure components we have just described and to train employees in how to use these technologies for their work.

Popular programming languages for business applications include

C, C++, Visual Basic, and Java.

A Multitiered Client/Server Network (N-Tier)

Client-Internet- Web Server- Application Server- Sales Production Accounting HR-Data

Cloud computing consists of three types of services

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS)

Cloud Computing Characteristics

On-Demand Self Service Rapid Elasticity Broad Network Access Resource Pooling Measured Service

The mobile digital platform

Smartphones (iPhone, Android, and Blackberry). - Data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail, and IM. Netbooks: Small lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and core tasks Tablets (iPad). Networked e-readers (Kindle and Nook). Wearable devices (smart watches, smart glasses).

The server

The server provides the client with services. Servers store and process shared data and perform such functions as printer management and backup storage and network activities such as security, remote access, and user authentication

distributed processing

The use of multiple computers linked by a communications network for processing

Leading PC and Server Operating Systems include

Windows 10, Windows Server, UNIX, Linux, and OS X and macOS

desktop productivity software tools

Word processing Spreadsheet Data management Presentation graphics Personal information management Desktop publishing

supercomputer

a specially designed and more sophisticated computer that is used for tasks requiring extremely rapid and complex calculations with thousands of variables, millions of measurements, and thousands of equations.

visual programming language

allows users to manipulate graphic or iconic elements to create programs ( COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) )

Legacy systems

are generally older transaction-processing systems created for older computers that continue in use to avoid the high cost of replacing or redesigning them.

Server

are specifically optimized to support a computer network, enabling users to share files, software, peripheral devices (such as printers), or other network resources.

Web Browsers

are used for displaying web pages and for accessing the web and other Internet resources. Browsers can display or present graphics, audio, and video information as well as traditional text, and they allow you to click (or touch) on-screen buttons or highlighted words to link to related websites.

client/server architectures

balance the processing between client devices and one or more server devices

Software Suites

bundle together a variety of general-purpose software applications

One widely used form of distributed processing is

client/server computing

Input devices

gather data and convert them into electronic form for use by the computer

In cloud computing

hardware and software capabilities are a pool of virtualized resources provided over a network, often the Internet. Businesses and employees have access to applications and IT infrastructure anywhere and at any time.

server virtualization

is a common method of reducing technology costs by providing the ability to host multiple systems on a single physical machine.

data center

is a facility housing computer systems and associated components such as telecommunications, storage, security systems, and backup power supplies.

Mainframe

is a large-capacity, high-performance computer that can process large amounts of data very rapidly. ( IBM Z13)

Cloud Computing

is a model of computing in which computer processing, storage, software, and other services are provided as a shared pool of virtualized resources over a network, primarily the Internet.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

is a page description language for specifying how text, graphics, video, and sound are placed on a web page and for creating dynamic links to other web pages and objects.

Java

is an operating system-independent, processor-independent, object-oriented programming language created by Sun Microsystems that has become the leading interactive programming environment for the web.

client

is the user point of entry for the required function and is normally a desktop or laptop computer. The user generally interacts directly only with the client portion of the application.

Data Management Technology

organizes, manages, and processes business data concerned with inventory, customers, and vendors

Cloud Computing Models Compared

table 5.2