IST TEST 2: TEST FILES

) Which of the following uses a pull-based approach? A) make-to-order B) make-to-stock C) plan-to-produce D) account-to-report E) acquire-to-dispose

A

Fen-phen was an anti-obesity medication that consisted of two drugs: fenfluramine and phentermine. Fenfluramine was initially marketed by American Home Products, but was shown to cause potentially fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve problems. This eventually led to the withdrawal of the product and legal damages of over $13 billion. This is an example of ________. A) a product recall B) lean manufacturing C) production control D) the bullwhip effect E) a green business

A

For most businesses, the ________ process entails several subprocesses including creating a customer record, checking the customer's creditworthiness, creating an order, checking and allocating stock, and shipping. A) order-to-cash B) make-to-order C) procure-to-pay D) make-to-stock E) plan-to-produce

A

How is business process management similar to quality improvement approaches such as total quality management? A) They are intended to be cross-functional approaches to improve an organization. B) They focus on radical redesign and drastic improvement of processes. C) They focus on incremental change of processes. D) They focus on the activities typically occurring at the operational level of the organization. E) They focus on providing capabilities for discovering "hidden" predictive relationships while conducting a forecast.

A

Human resource activities ________. A) are classified as a support activity since the primary activities cannot be accomplished without the employees to perform them B) include the design and development of applications that support the primary business activities C) include the purchasing of goods and services that are required as inputs to the primary activities D) integrate the internal applications with suppliers, business partners, and customers E) streamline the organization's internal value chain

A

In service-oriented architecture, ________. A) business processes are broken down into individual components or services B) business processes of an organization are standardized C) business processes of an organization are carried out by a large, comprehensive system D) business processes are shared with channel partners E) business processes are modified to prevent illegal activities within the process

A

Packaged software is ________. A) highly useful for standardized, repetitive tasks B) developed exclusively for a specific organization C) unique to a particular business or organization D) an application that needs to be maintained internally when changes are required E) used to accommodate a customer's particular preferences and expectations

A

Production scheduling ________. A) focuses on the coordination of all activities needed to create the product or service B) focuses on delivering products or services to consumers as well as warehousing C) leads to the development of a sourcing plan D) focuses on the development of inventory estimates E) focuses on delivering products or services to consumers as well as invoicing and payment collection

A

Supply chain planning begins with ________. A) product demand planning and forecasting B) distribution planning C) production scheduling D) inventory planning E) safety stock planning

A

Traditionally, companies are organized around five distinct functional areas. Which of the following is one of those areas? A) supply chain management B) risk management C) technology management D) communication management E) systems management

A

Which of the following explains the phrase "data is geocoded"? A) It is transformed into coordinates. B) It is shared on the Internet. C) It is used to create Web pages. D) It is compared with similar historical data. E) It is converted into soft data.

A

Which of the following goods are produced using the make-to-order approach? A) commercial aircraft B) shampoos C) lipsticks D) televisions E) refrigerators

A

Which of the following is the first step in the procure-to-pay process? A) negotiate price and terms B) issue purchase order C) receive goods D) receive invoice E) settle payment

A

Which of the following is true regarding the formula for success of an enterprise system? A) Enterprise systems implementations should include personnel from different departments. B) The success of an enterprise system depends directly on the support received from middle-management. C) Enterprise systems are simple to understand and implement when compared to stand-alone systems. D) Using outside consultants tends to complicate the implementation of an enterprise system. E) Once enterprise systems go live, employees experience an immediate growth in productivity.

A

Which of the following key elements of a supply chain execution includes information related to payment schedules, consignment, and ownership of products and materials? A) financial flow B) personnel flow C) information flow D) product flow E) material flow

A

Which of the following software is cost effective since the vendor that builds the application spreads out the development costs by selling copies to a large number of users? A) packaged software B) bespoke software C) adapted software D) corrected software E) custom software

A

________ are applications written by third-party vendors that are used by many different users and organizations. A) Packaged software B) Custom software C) Bespoke software D) Personalized software E) Tailored software

A

________ is a systematic, structured approach to improvement, in which people critically examine, rethink, and redesign business processes in order to achieve dramatic improvements in one or more performance measures, such as quality, cycle time, or cost. A) Business process management B) Business activity monitoring C) Business service management D) Application performance management E) Application service management

A

________ refers not only to the ability to track products as they move through the supply chain but also to foresee external events. A) Supply chain visibility B) Demand planning and forecasting C) Supply chain analytics D) Supply network collaboration E) Supply chain efficiency

A

) Which of the following statements is true with regards to packaged and custom software? A) Packaged software are applications that are designed and developed exclusively for a specific organization. B) The development costs of custom software are much higher than for packaged software because of the time, money, and resources that are required to design and develop them. C) Packaged software is well suited for tasks that are unique to a particular business. D) Custom software is cost effective since the vendor that builds the application can spread out development costs through selling to a large number of users . E) Custom software is highly useful for standardized, repetitive tasks, such as writing a report or preparing a presentation.

B

39) Applications that are designed and developed exclusively for a specific organization are known as ________. A) collaborative software B) custom software C) groupware D) ready-made application software E) packaged software

B

A system that communicates across organizational boundaries is sometimes referred to as a(n) ________. A) legacy system B) interorganizational system C) intraorganizational system D) internally focused system E) stand-alone system

B

In the 1990s, business process management was known as ________. A) business systems management B) business process reengineering C) business service reengineering D) application performance management E) application service management

B

In the ________ process, goods are produced based on forecasts and are stored in a warehouse and sales orders are then fulfilled from inventory. A) configure-to-stock B) make-to-stock C) make-to-order D) engineer-to-order E) assemble-to-order

B

In the order-to-cash process, once "checking credit" is done, it is followed by ________. A) collecting payment B) creating an order C) allocating stock D) picking, packing, and shipping E) preparing and sending the invoice

B

Legacy systems can prove problematic when information from multiple departmental systems is required to support business processes and decision making. Which of the following is most similar to the above scenario? A) Chuck's is a retail chain that has an inventory management system which is tied to an RFID system. This system notifies Chuck's managers when the inventory in its stores falls below a certain level. B) Quick Software Solutions has an automated system to track employee absence. It also uses a non-automated system like attendance registers that employees sign every day. This information is updated to Quick's database management system on a weekly basis. C) Nuok Tires supplies its products to Fresto, an automobile manufacturer. Nuok Tires' factories are located close to Fresto's factories to minimize transportation costs. D) Fender, a guitar manufacturer, allows customers to design their guitars online. Potential buyers need to send the design with the order to receive their customized guitars. E) Jsutmi successfully pursues a just-in-time inventory system. Recently, however, it has not been able to meet demand due to labor problems.

B

Outbound logistics activities focus on the ________. A) processing of orders B) distribution of end products within the order-to-cash business process C) pricing of goods and services D) transformation of raw materials into end products E) receiving and stocking of raw materials, parts, and products

B

The key use of the manufacturing execution module of supply chain management is to ________. A) forecast and plan anticipated demand for products B) support production processes taking into account capacity and material constraints C) ensure that the materials required for production are available where needed, when needed D) assign optimal safety stock and target stock levels in all inventories in the supply network E) support receiving, storing, and picking of goods in a warehouse

B

The term ________ is commonly used to refer to a collection of companies and processes involved in moving a product from the suppliers of raw materials to the customer. A) distribution resource planning B) supply chain C) procurement D) demand chain E) value network

B

Using analytical tools to optimally utilize labor, materials, and equipment is a part of the ________ step of supply chain planning. A) demand forecasting B) production scheduling C) distribution planning D) inventory planning E) transportation scheduling

B

Which of the following is a core business process? A) time-to-purchase B) make-to-stock C) plan-to-produce D) account-to-report E) hire-to-retire

B

Which of the following is the main objective of information systems that focus on improving supply chains? A) discouraging vendor-managed inventory systems B) accelerating product development and innovation C) discouraging sustainable production processes D) decentralizing the organizations E) encouraging the bullwhip effect

B

Which of the following is typically the first step in the make-to-stock process? A) scheduling production B) procuring inputs C) processing sales orders D) negotiating price and terms E) creating customer records

B

Which of the following statements is true about a digital dashboard? A) It is the combination of various analysis techniques and interactive visualization to solve complex problems. B) It supports push reporting, exception reporting and alerts, and pull reporting usage models. C) It can visualize features and relationships between features drawn from an underlying geographic database. D) Analysts can use it to combine geographic, demographic, and other data for locating target customers. E) It is a system for creating, storing, analyzing, and managing geographically referenced information.

B

Which of the following types of software is best suited for tasks that are unique to a particular business? A) collaborative B) custom C) groupware D) packaged E) ready-made application

B

________ are performed by the functional areas that process inputs and produce outputs. A) Base activities B) Core activities C) Support activities D) Extended activities E) Focus activities

B

________ support the important internal activities of the organization for producing their products and services. A) ERP focus components B) ERP core components C) ERP extended components D) ERP base components E) ERP covering components

B

) In the procure-to-pay process, the negotiation of price and terms is followed by ________. A) settling the payment B) creating the customer record C) issuing the purchase order D) receiving the goods E) receiving the invoice

C

45) The features and modules that an enterprise system comes with out of the box are referred to as the ________. A) best-practices version B) reengineered version C) vanilla version D) customized version E) modified version

C

According to the order-to-cash process, what would the next step be for an online retailer after creating an order for a customer? A) collect payment B) create customer record C) check and allocate stock D) pick, pack, and ship E) prepare and send invoice

C

By breaking down business processes into individual services, organizations can react more swiftly to changing business needs. To achieve these benefits, services have to follow three main principles: A) reusability, interoperability, and reliability B) reusability, reliability, and componentization C) reusability, interoperability, and componentization D) reusability, interoperability, and accessibility E) reusability, accessibility, and componentization

C

Computer maker, Dell, realized the problems with keeping large inventories, especially because of the fast rate of obsolescence of electronics components. Dell now keeps only about two hours of inventory in its factories. The company is most likely using a ________. A) scan-based trading system B) customer-managed inventory system C) just-in-time inventory management system D) vendor-managed inventory system E) just-in-case inventory management system

C

Customers can purchase ________ software off the shelf to help them with their personal documents and communications. A) personalized B) tailored C) packaged D) custom E) bespoke

C

Designing and developing applications that support the primary business activities are a part of the ________ activities. A) operations and manufacturing B) outbound logistics C) technology development D) procurement E) inbound logistics

C

Financial management, operations management, human resource management, and other important internal activities require the support of ________. A) ERP essence components B) ERP exterior components C) ERP core components D) ERP extended components E) ERP basis components

C

Inventory and safety stock planning ________. A) leads to the development of the overall demand forecast B) focuses on the coordination of all activities needed to create the product or service C) leads to the development of a sourcing plan D) focuses on delivering products or services to consumers as well as warehousing E) leads to the development of a transportation schedule

C

One major problem affecting supply chains are ripple effects referred to as the ________. A) backflush effect B) multiplier effect C) bullwhip effect D) incremental effect E) stockwhip effect

C

Supply chain execution ________. A) involves the development of a sourcing plan B) refers to the use of key performance indicators to monitor production C) involves the management of product flow, information flow, and financial flow D) refers to the ability to track products as they move through the supply chain E) involves the development of demand forecast

C

Systems that focus on the specific needs of individual departments and are not designed to communicate with other systems in the organization are referred to as ________. A) internally focused applications B) externally focused systems C) stand-alone applications D) enterprise-wide systems E) enterprise-information systems

C

Whenever an order is placed with online retailers, the retailers put together the order, ship it, and charge the customer's credit card. This process of selling a product or service is known as the ________ process. A) make-to-order B) time-to-market C) order-to-cash D) procure-to-pay E) make-to-stock

C

Which of the following goods are typically produced under a make-to-order approach? A) expensive high-volume goods B) cheap high-volume goods C) very expensive low-volume goods D) mass-produced goods E) goods from external vendors

C

Which of the following is a core activity? A) human resource activities B) technology development C) operations and manufacturing D) administrative activities E) infrastructure activities

C

Which of the following is a support activity? A) outbound logistics activities B) operations and manufacturing activities C) technology development activities D) customer service activities E) marketing and sales activities

C

Which of the following is the key use of the distribution planning module of supply chain management? A) to ensure that the materials required for production are available when needed B) to forecast and plan anticipated demand for products C) to optimize the allocation of available supply to meet demand D) to support production processes taking into account capacity and material constraints E) to support receiving, storing, and picking of goods in a warehouse

C

Which of the following statements is true about product flow, a key element of supply chain execution? A) It refers to the ability to track products as they move through the supply chain. B) It refers to the movement of information along the supply chain, such as order processing and delivery status updates. C) It refers to the movement of goods from the supplier to production, from production to distribution, and from distribution to the consumer. D) It tracks a one-way flow of products from producers to consumers but cannot process returns or customer refunds. E) It refers primarily to the movement of financial assets throughout the supply chain.

C

________ focuses on delivering products or services to consumers as well as warehousing, delivering, invoicing, and payment collection. A) Product demand planning B) Production planning C) Distribution planning D) Safety stock planning E) Inventory planning

C

________ is a business model in which the suppliers to a manufacturer manage the manufacturer's inventory levels based on preestablished service levels. A) Just-in-case manufacturing B) Scan-based trading C) Vendor-managed inventory D) Lean manufacturing E) Just-in-time

C

A(n) ________ information flow consists of information that is received from another organization. A) stand-alone B) legacy C) packaged D) upstream E) downstream

D

According to business process management, what would be management's next step after developing a vision for the organization? A) They should identify the ways in which information systems can be used to improve the various business processes. B) They should design and implement a prototype of the new processes. C) They should manage the information technology to be used from a business transaction perspective. D) They should identify the critical processes that are to be redesigned. E) They should understand and measure the existing processes as a baseline for future improvements.

D

According to business process management, which of the following would be the next step taken by management after identifying the ways in which the information systems can be used? A) identifying the critical processes that are to be redesigned B) understanding and measuring the existing processes as a baseline for future improvements C) reducing costs and shortening the time it takes to get products to market D) designing and implementing a prototype of the new process E) developing a vision for the organization that specifies the business objectives

D

Administrative activities focus on the ________. A) design and development of applications that support the primary business activities B) hardware and software that must be implemented to support the applications that the primary activities use C) business activities associated with employee management D) processes and decision making to orchestrate the day-to-day operations of an organization E) purchasing of goods and services that are required as inputs for the primary activities

D

An internally focused system helps an organization coordinate with ________. A) its suppliers B) its business partners C) the government D) its departments E) its customers

D

Applications that integrate business activities across departmental boundaries are often referred to as ________ systems. A) manufacturing resource planning B) computer-integrated manufacturing C) capacity requirement planning D) enterprise resource planning E) materials requirement planning

D

Demand planning and forecasting leads to the development of the overall ________. A) sourcing plan B) transportation schedule C) production plan D) demand forecast E) safety stock plan

D

Distribution planning leads to the development of the overall ________. A) production plan B) safety stock plan C) demand forecast D) transportation schedule E) sourcing plan

D

In the context of core business processes, which of the following uses a push-based approach? A) order-to-cash B) procure-to-pay C) production-to-order D) make-to-stock E) make-to-order

D

Inbound logistics involves business activities associated with ________. A) distributing end products within the order-to-cash business process B) creating marketing literature C) communicating with potential and existing customers D) receiving and stocking raw materials, parts, and products E) order processing

D

La Belle Inc. introduced a new line of accessories for teenaged girls last season. Following its immense popularity with the targeted group, the company anticipated high sales this season. It ordered raw materials accordingly, and even ensured that they had sufficient inventory to meet excess demand, if any. However, the success of the new line turned out to be a fad, as the teens soon turned to other products offered by competing brands, and La Belle's sales declined. This forecasting error caused a huge discrepancy in the amount of raw materials they needed and the amount of inventory they had already piled up in anticipation of good sales. This is an example of ________. A) the multiplier effect B) hindsight bias C) product recall D) the bullwhip effect E) safety stock planning

D

Which of the following statements about just-in-time strategies is true? A) Retailers using this strategy allow suppliers to maintain ownership of inventory within their warehouses or stores until items are scanned at the point of sale. B) Companies using this strategy allow the suppliers to manage the manufacturer's inventory levels based on preestablished service levels. C) Companies using this strategy maintain large inventories of supplies, parts, warehousing resources, and extra workers to meet production contingencies. D) Companies using this strategy are trying to optimize their ordering quantities such that parts or raw material arrive just when they are needed for production. E) The manufacturer or retailer using this strategy shares real-time sales data with their suppliers, who maintain inventory levels based on preestablished agreements.

D

Which of the following statements about vendor-management inventory (VMI) is true? A) To make VMI possible, the manufacturer must maintain large inventories of supplies, parts, warehousing resources, and extra workers to meet production contingencies. B) Manufacturers using the VMI business model manage the inventories themselves and send out requests for additional items to the vendors as needed. C) Companies using this strategy are trying to optimize their ordering quantities such that parts or raw material arrive just when they are needed for production. D) To make VMI possible, the manufacturer allows the supplier to monitor stock levels and ongoing sales data. E) Retailers using this strategy allow suppliers to maintain ownership of inventory within their warehouses or stores until items are scanned at the point of sale.

D

Which of the following statements is true about information flow, a key element of supply chain execution? A) A key element of this aspect of supply chain execution is to foresee external events. B) Information can only flow up the supply chain. C) It refers to the use of key performance indicators to monitor performance of the entire supply chain. D) The key element to the information flow is the complete removal of paper documents. E) It refers primarily to the movement of financial assets throughout the supply chain.

D

While using digital dashboards, pull reporting is conducted to ________. A) alert the user of any items that require immediate attention B) provide the decision makers with a quick overview of key performance indicators C) discover "hidden" predictive relationships in the data D) analyze the root causes of an exception E) extract textual information from Web documents

D

________ immediately after the purchase order is issued in the procure-to-pay process. A) Payment is settled B) Price and terms are negotiated C) Credit is checked D) Goods are received E) Invoices are received

D

________ support the primary external activities of the organization for dealing with suppliers and customers. A) ERP essence components B) ERP aggrandized components C) ERP abridged components D) ERP extended components E) ERP core components

D

A(n) ________ is an integrated suite of business applications for virtually every department, process, and industry, allowing companies to integrate information across operations on a company-wide basis using one large database. A) legacy system B) management information system C) decision support system D) distributed system software E) enterprise system

E

An online retailer has finished creating a customer record. What would be the next step for the retailer in an order-to-cash process? A) create order B) allocate stock C) pick, pack, and ship D) prepare and send invoice E) check customer's creditworthiness

E

Assembly processes are ________ activities. A) outbound logistics B) marketing and sales C) customer sales D) administrative E) operations and manufacturing

E

Digital dashboards provide the decision makers with a quick overview of key performance indicators and other key operational statistics and trends. This usage model is known as ________. A) exception reporting B) pull reporting C) ad hoc reporting D) drill-down reporting E) push reporting

E

In the ________ process, raw materials, subcomponents, and accessories are procured based on forecasts, but actual manufacturing does not start until sales orders are received. A) order-to-cash B) procure-to-pay C) make-to-stock D) acquire-to-dispose E) make-to-order

E

Inventory and safety stock planning leads to the development of a(n) ________. A) outsourcing plan B) production plan C) transportation schedule D) demand forecast E) sourcing plan

E

MaxSteel Inc., has been supplying steel to a well-known car manufacturer, Agis Corp., for the past 3 years. Concerned employees at MaxSteel can directly access Agis Corp.'s inventory and sales information via electronic data interchange. This allows MaxSteel to monitor Agis Corp.'s inventory levels on a real-time basis. The system has worked well for both companies so far and there has never been any delay in the supply of steel. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Agis' supply chain strategy? A) Agis Corp.'s management decides to take strong measures for increasing their safety stock of all raw materials. B) Agis Corp. is taking measures to add wholesalers and retailers into their supply chain. C) Agis Corp. has a strong desire to purchase MaxSteel in order to reduce dependency. D) Agis Corp. is taking measures to directly contact the consumers by removing wholesalers and retailers from their supply chain. E) Agis Corp. is taking measures to ensure that the information shared with MaxSteel will not be shared outside their organization.

E

Receiving the goods is followed by ________ in the procure-to-pay process. A) settling the payment B) negotiating the price and terms C) issuing the purchase order D) creating the order E) receiving the invoice

E

Specifically, ERP extended components focus primarily on ________. A) customer relationship management and product lifecycle management B) product lifecycle management and supply chain management C) customer relationship management and human capital management D) human capital management and supply chain management E) customer relationship management and supply chain management

E

The hardware and software that must be implemented to support the applications that the primary activities use are a part of the ________ activities. A) human resources B) technology development C) procurement D) inbound logistics E) infrastructure

E

The key use of the order promising module of supply chain management is to ________. A) work with partners across the supply network to improve accuracy of demand forecasts, reduce inventory buffers, and improve customer service B) monitor key performance indicators to assess performance across the supply chain C) manage logistics between company locations or from company to customers, taking into account transportation modes and constraints D) assign optimal safety stock and target stock levels in all inventories in the supply network E) provide answers to customer relationship management queries regarding product availability, costs, and delivery times

E

The several processes associated with the acquiring of goods from external vendors are collectively referred to as the ________ process. A) make-to-stock B) make-to-order C) order-to-cash D) plan-to-produce E) procure-to-pay

E

Which of the following is true regarding enterprise resource planning (ERP)? A) It stores data in different locations. B) It is an older version of materials requirement planning. C) It helped in developing the manufacturing resource planning package. D) Stand-alone applications are a developed version of ERP. E) It makes the process of sharing information between business activities easier.

E

Which of the following statements is true about hard data? A) It involves the use of text mining technologies. B) It includes nonanalytical information. C) It involves input from dedicated personnel. D) It includes textual news stories. E) It includes facts and numbers.

E

________ involves the development of various resource plans to support the efficient and effective production of goods and services. A) Supply chain visibility B) Supply chain analytics C) Supply chain execution D) Supply chain networking E) Supply chain planning

E

Which of the following is the primary goal for deploying a knowledge management system? A) identifying how to recognize, generate, store, share, and manage tacit knowledge B) continuously analyzing large data warehouses to detect changes deemed important by a user C) grouping related records together on the basis of having similar values for attributes D) allowing hypothetical changes to the data associated with a problem to observe how these changes influence the results E) identifying how to recognize, generate, store, share, and manage explicit knowledge

a

The processing in an expert system (ES) is called ________. A) clustering B) inferencing C) normalizing D) recommending E) data cleansing

b

________ refers to the display of complex data relationships using a variety of graphical methods. A) Normalization B) Visualization C) Clustering D) Inferencing E) Textual mining

b

Which of the following statements is true about a neural network? A) It allows multiple dimensions to be added to a traditional two-dimensional table. B) It works in the background to provide some service when a specific event occurs. C) It attempts to approximate the functioning of the human brain and can learn by example. D) It uses reasoning methods based on knowledge about a specific problem domain in order to provide advice. E) It helps analyze why a key indicator is not at an appropriate level or why an exception occurred.

c

Which of the following statements is true about an explicit knowledge asset? A) It reflects the processes and procedures that are located in a person's mind on how to effectively perform a particular task. B) It reflects the person's ability to effectively solve a problem without external help. C) It reflects knowledge that can be documented, archived, and codified, often with the help of information systems. D) It reflects an individual's special knowledge about a new-to-the-world product. E) It reflects the strategies that are located in a person's mind on how to effectively perform a particular task

c

Which of the following is a role of data mining agents? A) tracking inventory levels B) sending a report at the first of the month automatically C) assembling customized news D) analyzing data warehouses to detect changes deemed important by a user E) finding the best price for a particular product the user wants to purchase

d

Which of the following statements is true about user agents? A) They are also known as Web spiders. B) They are agents that search to find the best price for a particular product a user wishes to purchase. C) They are agents that continuously analyze large data warehouses to detect changes deemed important by a user. D) They are agents that automatically perform a task for a user. E) They are agents designed by spammers and other Internet attackers to farm e-mail addresses off Web sites or deposit spyware on machines.

d

Social network analysis is a technique that attempts to ________. A) analyze large data warehouses to detect changes deemed important by a user B) analyze why a key indicator is not at an appropriate level or why an exception occurred C) discover "hidden" predictive relationships in the data D) allow hypothetical changes to the data associated with a problem to observe how these changes influence the results E) find experts in particular subject areas

e

Which of the following is a role of monitoring and sensing agents? A) tracking inventory levels B) sending a report at the first of the month automatically C) assembling customized news D) analyzing data warehouses to detect changes deemed important by a user E) finding the best price for a particular product the user wants to purchase

a

36) A(n) ________ coordinates business processes with customers, suppliers, and business partners of an organization. A) internally focused system B) legacy system C) stand-alone system D) intermediary system E) externally focused system

E

A ________ information flow relates to the information that is produced by a company and sent along to another organization. A) stand-alone B) legacy C) packaged D) custom E) downstream

E