ITE 115 Exam 2

How does the operating system help manage resources such as the processor, memory, storage, hardware, and peripheral devices?

•When the OS allows you to perform more than one task at a time, it is multitasking. To provide for seamless multitasking, the OS controls the timing of the events on which the processor works. •As the OS coordinates the activities of the processor, it uses RAM as a temporary storage area for instructions and data the processor needs. The OS is therefore responsible for coordinating the space allocations in RAM to ensure that there is enough space for the waiting instructions and data. If there isn't sufficient space in RAM for all the data and instructions, then the OS allocates the least necessary files to temporary storage on the hard drive, called virtual memory. •The OS manages storage by providing a file-management system that keeps track of the names and locations of files and programs. •Programs called device drivers facilitate communication between devices attached to the computer and the OS. Device drivers translate the specialized commands of devices to commands that the OS can understand, and vice versa, enabling the OS to communicate with every device in the computer system. Device drivers for common devices are included in the OS software.

How does the operating system help the computer start up?

•When you start your computer, it runs through a special process called the boot process. •The boot process consists of four basic steps: (1) The basic input/output system (BIOS) is activated when the user powers on the CPU. (2) In the POST check, the BIOS verifies that all attached devices are in place. (3) The OS is loaded into RAM. (4) Configuration and customization settings are checked.

There are six steps in the SDLC waterfall model:

◦A problem or opportunity is identified. ◦The problem is analyzed, and a program specification document is created to outline the project objectives. ◦A detailed plan for programmers to follow is designed using flowcharts and data-flow diagrams. ◦Using the developed plan, programmers develop the program, and the program is then documented. ◦The program is tested to ensure that it works and that it's installed properly. ◦Ongoing maintenance and evaluation ensure a working product.

What is a system development life cycle, and what are the phases in the cycle?

1. A problem or opportunity is identified. 2. The problem is analyzed, 3. A detailed plan is designed using flowcharts and data-flow diagrams. 4. Programmers develop the program, and then document. 5. The program is tested. 6. Ongoing maintenance and evaluation ensure a working product

Prototype

A model of a program.

Inheritance

A new class can automatically pick up all of the data and methods of an existing class.

pascal

A programming language; The only modern programming language that was specifically designed as a teaching language

Algorithm

A set of specific, sequential steps.

Service pack

A software module used to repair errors identified in program code.

Top-down design

A systematic approach in which a problem is broken into a series of high-level tasks.

What software can be used to develop websites that can allow such web applications to update information on a page without requiring the user having to do a page refresh?

AJAX

visual basics

Advantages of Visual Basic Prototyping is form of rapid application development (RAD) Developers create prototype then generate system documents RAD is alternative to waterfall approach Used to build Windows applications MS .NET Framework

Variable

An input or output item that the program manipulates.

What is an example of a second-generation language?

Assembly language

compilaton

Code must be converted to 1s and 0s Compiler creates an executable program Some languages use an interpreter

coding

Coding: Translating an algorithm into CPU instructions Highly precise format few keywords consistent structure

system

Collection of pieces working to achieve common goal

Which of the following is helpful in discovering what your personal ethics are?

Describe yourself Identify external influences List key principles you believe in

Scope creep

Ever changing set of requests from clients for additional features.

Integrated Development Environments

IDE makes coding process easier Provides editor debugger

Programmers move from algorithm to code by:

Identifying key pieces of information Identifying flow of each step Converting algorithm into specific programming language

JSON stands for

Javascript Object Notation.

Prototypes for Windows applications are often coded in

Microsoft Visual Basic (VB)

problem statement

Necessary to solve problems Interact with users Programmers handle bad inputs through error handling Problem statement includes testing plan Does not cover every possible input but patterns of inputs

MockApp is a template that uses

PowerPoint or KeyNote to construct a working simulation of your application.

top down design

Problem is broken into series of high-level tasks Detailed subtasks created from high-level tasks Continue until steps are close to programming language commands

How do programmers create algorithms and move from algorithm to code?

Programmers create an algorithm by converting a problem statement into a list of steps. Yes/no binary decisions are common Algorithms are documented in the form of a flowchart or in pseudocode. Programmers use either top-down or object-oriented analysis Programming languages are classified in several major groupings, sometimes referred to as generations Compilation is the process by which code is converted into machine language Each programming language has its own compiler

Object Oriented Analysis

Programmers identify categories of inputs Classes (categories of inputs) identified Classes defined by information (data) and actions (methods) Algorithm enables objects to interact Object-oriented often chosen over top-down design Takes advantage of reusability

Algorithms represented through flowcharts

Provides a visual representation of patterns

C and C ++

Provides higher-level programming features Allows direct manipulation of system memory and CPU registers Code runs fast and uses small amount of memory Basic components are common to many languages

Which ethical system has the basic tenet that there is no universal moral truth?

Relativism

Visual programming languages use graphical blocks to define program behavior. Examples are:

Scratch and App Inventor.

algorithm

Set of specific sequential steps Describe in natural language what program must do

testing and documentation

Solving problems after beta testing Manufacturer makes changes before final release Release to manufacturers (RTM) After RTM, product is in general availability (GA) Problems addressed in updates or service packs Finishing the project Technical writers produce internal documentation User documentation is produced Software trainers teach others how to use program

Pseudocode

Text-based approach Words describe actions Organized like an outline Combination of common and special words

Error handling

The description of what the program should do if the input data is invalid.

Derived class

The modified class in object-oriented programs.

Base class

The original class in object-oriented programs.

What is the life cycle of a program?

The problem statement identifies the task to be computerized • An algorithm specifies the sequence of steps that the program must take to complete the work. • The algorithm is then translated into programming code. • The code goes through debugging, finding and repairing errors • Testing is performed. • The results of the entire project are documented

Programming

The process of translating a task into a series of commands that a computer will use to perform that task.

Which of the following is the best definition of ethics?

The study of the general nature of morals

Programmers create algorithms using

Top-down design Object-oriented analysis

Programming

Translating task into commands used to perform task Identifying parts of performable tasks Describing tasks in specific, complete manner Translating description into language understood by CPU

Not conforming to a set of approved standards of behavior is considered which of the following?

Unethical behavior

Which of the following illustrates the Utilitarianism ethical system?

Using weapons of mass destruction is beneficial as it would save more lives by ending conventional fighting

What are the most popular programming languages?

Visual Basic, C/C++, and Java are popular languages Objective C is a language used in programming applications for mobile devices using iOS • Programmers use HTML tags to structure web pages. HTML5 includes more advanced tags like <video>. • Scripting programs such as JavaScript, PHP, and VBScript are popular • AJAX is a programming solution that uses a combination of echnologies to create websites that can update without the user refreshing the page. • XML and JSON allow web pages to exchange information, not just formatting details.

flowchart

Visual diagram of a process.

executable program

a binary sequence that instructs the CPU of a computer to run their code.

loop

a decision point in an algorithm that asks a question, and if answer is yes, performs a set of actions and asks the question again

objective c

a language used in programming applications for mobile devices using IOS

5GL

a problem is presented as a series of facts or constraints instead of as a specific algorithm.

scripting language

a simple programming language that's limited to performing a set of specialized tasks.

editor

a special tool in an integrated development environment (IDE) that helps programmers as they enter code

Pseudocode

a text-based approach to documenting an algorithm.

Flowcharts are a visual way of documenting

algorithms.

syntax

an agreed on set of rules defining how a language must be structures

class

categories of input that are part of the problem a program is meant to solve

Source code

comprises the instructions programmers have written in the higher-level language and can translate directly into machine language.

Program Development Life Cycle

describe the problem make a plan coding debugging testing and documentation

debugging

finding and correcting errors Testing plan helps programmers know program has solved the problem Compilation errors Improper syntax Logical errors Program runs but executes incorrectly

Programming languages

have been developed to balance conflicting goals

XML

helps websites gather information from other sites enables designers to define data-based tags Easier for website to transfer key information Formatting controls is important Groups agree on standard system of tags

The first thing that needs to be done in the system development life cycle is to:

identify the problem or opportunity.

Fourth-generation languages

include database query languages and report generators.

Fourth-generation languages include

include database query languages and report generators.

information system

includes data, people, procedures, hardware, and software.

Java is considered to be architecture neutral because

it needs only be compiled once and can run on many different CPUs.

HTML

markup language for web page design

When programmers identify all the categories of inputs, part of the problem the program is meant to solve, they are performing a

object-oriented analysis

Java

object-oriented language work on many types of computers Compile once and run on many platforms

compiler

program that understands both the syntax of the programming language and the exact structure of the CPU and its matching language

In object-oriented design, a class is

reusable. defined by data and methods. a model of an object that the problem needs.

When a document is in the buffer waiting to print, what program helps coordinate all print jobs currently being sent to the printer?

spooler

The design step takes place after

the Analysis step.

coding

the act of translating an algorithm into a programming language

Data-flow diagrams

trace data from point it enters system to final place

A service pack addresses problems uncovered after the commercial release of software.

true

In a PDLC process, coding is the third step and debugging, the fourth step, takes place after coding is done.

true

A person who does a random act of kindness might be someone who is working within which type of ethical system?

virtue ethics

AJAX and XML are used to create websites

with elaborate animations

ASP, JSP, and PHP can be used to build websites

with interactive capabilities

What steps are involved in completing the program?

• Debugging detects all the code errors • Before its commercial release, software is often provided at a reduced cost or at no cost in a beta version • Technical writers create internal documentation for the program and external documentation that will be provided to users of the program. User training, which begins once the software is distributed, teaches the user community how to use the software efficiently

How do programmers select the right programming language for a specific task?

•A programming team reviews several considerations before selecting the language to be used. Certain languages are best used for certain problems. •The target language should be well matched to the amount of space available for the final program. •Some projects require the selection of a language that can produce code that executes in the fastest possible time. •Selecting a language with which the programmers are familiar is also helpful.

How does the operating system interact with application software?

•All software applications need to interact with the CPU. For programs to work with the CPU, they must contain code that the CPU recognizes. •Rather than having the same blocks of code appear in each application, the OS includes the blocks of code to which software applications refer. These blocks of code are called application programming interfaces (APIs).

What steps are involved in completing the program?

•If programmers make errors in the algorithm or in translating the algorithm to code, problems will occur. Programmers debug the program by running it constantly to find errors and to make sure the program behaves the way it should. •Once debugging has detected all the code errors, users—both within the company and outside the company—test the program in every way they can imagine, both as the program was intended to be used and in ways only new users might think up. •Before its commercial release, software is often provided at a reduced cost or at no cost in a beta version to certain test sites or to interested users for a last round of testing. •Once testing is complete, technical writers create internal documentation for the program and external documentation that will be provided to users of the program. User training, which begins once the software is distributed, teaches the user community how to use the software efficiently.

What are the main features of the Windows interface?

•In Windows 8, the Start screen provides your first interaction with the OS and is the first image you see on your monitor once the system has booted up. It provides you with access to your computer's apps, tools, and commonly used programs. •The Windows 8 interface is designed for touch-screen devices. •Windows 8 apps run full screen and feature commands hidden in app bars. •Non-Windows 8 programs run on the desktop.

How do programmers create algorithms and move from algorithm to code?

•Programmers create an algorithm by converting a problem statement into a list of steps and identifying where decision points occur. •Yes/no binary decisions are common, and often a pattern of a repeating action loop is recognized. •Algorithms are documented in the form of a flowchart or in pseudocode. •Programmers use either top-down or object-oriented analysis to produce the algorithm. •Computer code uses special words and strict rules to enable programmers to control the CPU without having to know all of its hardware details. •Programming languages are classified in several major groupings, sometimes referred to as generations, with the first generation being machine language—the binary code of 1s and 0s that the computer understands. Assembly language is the next generation; it uses short, English-like commands that speak directly to the CPU and give the programmer direct control of hardware resources. Each successive generation in language development has relieved programmers of some of the burden of keeping track of what the hardware requires and more closely matches how humans think about problems. •Compilation is the process by which code is converted into machine language, the language the CPU can understand. A compiler is a program that understands both the syntax of the programming language and the exact structure of the CPU and its machine language. It can translate the instructions written by programmers in the higher-level language into machine language, the binary patterns that will execute commands on the CPU. •Each programming language has its own compiler. Separate versions are required to compile code that will run on each different type of processor.

What utility programs are included in system software and what do they do?

•Some utility programs are incorporated into the OS; others are sold as stand-alone off-the-shelf programs. •Common Windows utilities include those that enable you to adjust your display, add or remove programs, compress files, clean unnecessary files off your system, check for lost files and errors, restore your system to an earlier setting, back up your files, and check on programs that have stopped running.

How does the operating system help me keep my computer organized?

•The OS allows you to organize the contents of your computer in a hierarchical structure of directories that includes files, folders, libraries, and drives. •File Explorer helps you manage your files and folders by showing the location and contents of every drive, folder, and file on your computer. •Creating folders is the key to organizing files because folders keep related documents together. •Following naming conventions and using proper file extensions are also important aspects of file management.

How does the operating system provide a means for users to interact with the computer?

•The OS provides a user interface that enables users to interact with the computer. •Most OSs today use a graphical user interface (GUI). Unlike the command- and menu-driven interfaces used many years ago, GUIs display graphics and use the point-and-click technology of the mouse and cursor (or touch-sensitive screens), making the OS more user-friendly. Common features of GUIs include windows, menus, and icons.

What is the life cycle of a program?

•The problem statement identifies the task to be computerized and describes how the software program will behave. •An algorithm is developed that specifies the sequence of steps that the program must take to complete the work. •The algorithm is then translated into highly structured programming code. •The code goes through the processes of debugging, in which the programmers find and repair any errors in the code. •Testing is performed by the programming team and by the people who will use the program. •The results of the entire project are documented for the users and the development team.

What role does a problem statement play in programming?

•The problem statement is an explicit description of what tasks the computer program must accomplish and how the program will execute these tasks and respond to unusual situations. •The problem statement describes the input data that users will have at the start of the job, the output that the program will produce, and the exact processing that converts these inputs to outputs. •The problem statement identifies potential errors and plans to address these errors.

system development life cycle (SDLC).

•The set of steps followed to ensure that development proceeds in an orderly fashion

What are the most popular programming languages for different types of application development?

•Visual Basic, C/C++, and Java are languages that enable programmers to include control features such as scroll bars, title bars, text boxes, buttons, and expanding and collapsing menus. •Objective C is a language used in programming applications for mobile devices using iOS and applications that will run under OS X. •Programmers use HTML tags to structure web pages. HTML5, in development as of this writing, includes more advanced tags like <video>. •For more complex web development, scripting programs such as JavaScript, PHP, and VBScript are popular. •AJAX is a programming solution that uses a combination of technologies to create websites that can update without the user refreshing the page. •XML and JSON allow programmers to create their own tags so that web pages can exchange information, not just formatting details.