ITECH2304 Emerging Information Systems

Explain the differences between data, information and knowledge.

Data : Raw Facts Information : Data processed to be meaningful Knowledge :Combines information with skills, experience, expertise

Explain some ethical issues in the use of IT, e.g. digital profiling

"Profiling" is the process of creating a digital dossier. A digital dossier is an electronic description of you and your habits. "Aggregators" are companies that collect • public data such as real estate records, telephone numbers, and • non-public data such as social security numbers, financial data, police records, motor vehicle records and integrate them to produce digital dossiers

Describe Mobile business challenges

Bring Your Own device (BYOD) • Connecting to a network, downloads, viruses,... Protecting against theft • Mobile devices are more vulnerable to theft because of their relatively small size Protecting wireless connections • Hackers have millions of wireless access points to use to gain access into hard-wired networks Preventing viruses on a mobile device • Mobile devices can get viruses too! (Cabir virus, 2004) Turn Bluetooth discoverable off Addressing privacy concerns with RFID and LBS • Your mobile tells your location

Explain some security issues in the use of IT, e.g. cyber security,

Confidentiality-(also known as secrecy), meaning that the information assets can be accessed and disclosed only by authorised parties Integrity- meaning that the information assets can only be modified or deleted by authorised parties in authorised ways, therefore they are always complete and true Availability-meaning that the information assets are accessible to the authorised parties in a timely manner.

Identify the benefits of CRM

It provides a single storage for data about all interactions with customers But Why? • It costs six times more to sell to a new customer than to an existing customer • Typically 80-90% of a firm's profits are generated by 10-20% of its customers

Discuss some fundamentals of Telecommunications and Networking

Networks: used to connect computers and computer equipment in a building, around the country, or around the world to enable electronic communications Intranet: An internal network based on Web technologies that allows people within organization to exchange information and work on projects. Extranet: A network based on Web technologies that allows selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers, to access authorised resources of the intranet of a company. Internet: the world's largest computer network, actually consisting of thousands of interconnected networks.

Identify different types of information/privacy policies that organisations should implement to protect themselves.

Organisations strive to build a corporate culture based on ethical principles that employees can understand and implement. Organisations should develop written policies establishing employee guidelines, personnel procedures and organisational rules relating to the use of information. These policies typically include: • Ethical computer use policy • Information privacy policy • Email privacy policy • Acceptable use policy • Internet use policy • Social media policy • Workplace monitoring policy

Explain the importance of information privacy.

Privacy • is the right to be left alone when you want to be, to have control over your own personal possessions, and not to be observed without your consent Violating someone's privacy is a sure way to ruin a relationship. • Privacy during online interactions is a major concern for many people. • e-Business is built on the practice of exchanging large amounts of information between many parties. • Without privacy, there is no trust. • But we jeopardise our privacy ourselves

Describe how the Internet and Internet technology work and how they can support communication and e-business

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. Your computer or device is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.

Explain what is a value chain

The value chain is a network of value-creating activities It comprises five primary activities • Inbound logistics • Operations • Outbound logistics • Marketing and sales • Service And four support activities • Firm infrastructure • Human resources • Accounting and Infrastructure • Procurement and Technological Linkages • Interactions across value activities

Explain Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 and identify some of its characteristics

Web 2.0 • "second phase of evolution of the online world" • "participation platform" • Allows development of software applications on the Web Web 3.0 - the future • "Semantic Web" (the term coined by Tim Berners-Lee, the creator of WWW) • The computers will understand information, categorise and interlink pieces of information (i.e. process information like humans)

Technology to Support Supply Chains

*Intranets - improve coordination along internal supply chain processes *Extranets - improve coordination with business partners *Internet - allows instant communication with all members of the supply chain*

E-Business Technologies

1. Augmented Reality (AR) 2. InternetofThings 3. EdgeComputing 4. RFID 5. GPS 6. Bluetooth

business process

A Business Process is a standardised set of activities that accomplish a specific task, such as processing a customer's order".

Define a data mining

A process in which algorithms are applied to information to uncover patterns and relationships otherwise difficult to find

Describe eCommerce models x 4

Business-to-Consumer (B2C) - Internet • Sales between a supplier and a retail customer • Involves a Web storefront Business-to-Business (B2B) - Internet and Extranet • Sales between companies (see next slide) • Example: Supply-Chain Management Consumer-to-Consumer (most known example - eBay, Gumtree) Business-to-Government (B2G) • Sales between government agencies and businesses • The government market is strikingly similar to B2B

Identify the business advantages of a database.

By Linking Tables together we can create pathways through the database which enables us to make complex queries against the database

Review Product tracking technology

Barcode - EAN-13 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

Explain the role and importance of business intelligence in current business contexts

Business Intelligence (BI) is a broad category of applications and technologies for gathering, storing, analysing, and providing access to data to help enterprise users make better business decisions. BI applications help with • Decision support systems • Query Analysis • Ad Hoc Reports • Analysis Tools • Reporting • Trend Line Analyse • Plan, Budget and Forecast • Plan vs Actual • Performance Management • Scorecards - a semi-standard structured report to keep track of staff activities,

Explain why competitive advantages are temporary

Competitors are quick to copy competitive advantages. These were first-movers with innovation & market leaders. Yet, they were eclipsed by fast followers, in some cases multiple times.

Define critical success factors (CSFs) explain how managers use them to measure the success of MIS projects

Crucial steps that companies perform to achieve their goals and objectives and implement their business strategies. For example: Create high-quality products Retain competitive advantages Reduce product costs Increase customer satisfaction Recruit and retain the best professionals

Explain how managers can use Decision Support Systems to support decision making

DSS applications are used in many diverse fields, including medical diagnosis, credit loan verification, evaluating bids on engineering projects, business and business management, agricultural production as well as in government and public services areas. A typical DSS consists of three basic components: 1. The database 2. The model base 3. The user interface.

Data Analytics

Data Analytics refers to the use of computer technology to dig out patterns and trends in data Good example: Amazon recommendations based on prior purchases and browsing history Data analytics should be part of ongoing strategy, involving every department • Those companies that can pick out most valuable nuggets will have competitive advantage

Identify the benefits of using data visualization to support decision making

Data Visualization is the analysis, processing, and presentation of data in a visual form through diagrams, charts and infographics The aim of data visualization is to present data in ways that humans are good at interpreting Humans are great at interpreting curves and shapes, but not so great at seeing trends in tables of numbers Accelerates the identification of hidden patterns in data

Define a data mart

Data mart - Contains a subset of data warehouse information

Define a data warehouse

Data warehouse is a logical collection of information - gathered from many different operational databases - that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.

Describe a database, a database management system and the relational database model.

Database represents the physical collection of data and relationships DBMS is a collection of software that layers the physical data In a Relational Database, the World is seen as a series of tables, e.g. Student Table Uses Primary and secondary keys to link tables

ECommerce

E-Commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services over public and private computer networks. Simply put, it is doing business over the Internet • Restricted to buying and selling • Does not include information retrieval without a fee

Identify the benefits and challenges of ERP

ERP systems contain multiple complex components that are not only expensive to purchase but also expensive to implement • High install costs increase the ERP vendor's negotiating power, which can increase support, maintenance, and upgrade expenses The software must perform many different tasks, and that requirement makes it complex. Most companies do not carry ERP software expertise within their staff, and do not understand ERP as well as they should. This shortcoming makes it easy to choose the wrong package. Costs include: • Software & Hardware expenses • consulting fees • training fees

Describe what is Edge Computing

Edge computing allows data produced by internet of things (IoT) devices to be processed closer to where it is created instead of sending it across long routes to data centers or clouds. Doing this computing closer to the edge of the network lets organizations analyze important data in near real-time

Describe Mobile business and its benefits

Enhances mobility • Activities previously tied to physical locations are now performed (almost) anywhere Provides immediate data access • For example: Real-time data for GPS Increases location and monitoring capability • Tracking books, containers, cars, cattle, ... to monitoring the weather Improves workflow • Paper or cables...no longer constraining work flows. Provides mobile business opportunities • Digital content, banking, payments, mobile shopping, location based services (LBS) Provides an alternative to wiring • Wireless networks provide an alternative to wiring.

Explain how does organisational strategy determine information systems structure

Every organisation exists for some reason • To make a profit is the most obvious • But it may be to help its members (RACV) or to provide humanitarian aid (WorldVision) or a charity Hence every organisation has goals and objectives. From this an organisational strategy is developed.

Define what is green technology

Green technology refers to the use of technology that makes products and processes more environmentally friendly, for example, by reducing CO2 emissions or by making products more biodegradable. Overall, green technology aims at contributing to environmental sustainability.

Explain IS/IT Infrastructure in the organisational context

Ideally, infrastructure should support the firm's business and information systems strategy. IT Infrastructure must be able to evolve and change to adapt to new technologies: hardware, software and network connectivity

Identify the benefits SCM

Improved supply chain visibility • the ability to view all areas up and down the supply chain in real time • Supply chain planning (SCP) system (Modelling, Design) • uses advanced mathematical algorithms to improve the flow and efficiency of the supply chain while reducing inventory • Supply chain execution (SCE) system • automates the different activities of the supply chain • Bullwhip effect • occurs when distorted product demand information ripples from one partner to the next throughout the supply chain • "No inventory can be as costly as too much inventory"

Define the term "information system".

Information System: A group of components that interact to produce information So, what is information? • Information is created when facts/data are put into meaningful and useful context

Describe Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems and how they help to improve customer-related business processes.

Integrated systems coordinating all of the firm's business processes that involve interactions with customers • Tracks all interactions with customer • From prospect through customer service • Improves the relationship management with customers

KPI

Metrics: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) The quantifiable metrics a company uses to evaluate progress towards its critical success factors. For example: Turnover rates of employees Number of product returns Number of new customers Average customer spending

challenges of SCM

Primary challenges include: • Cost an SCM system can cost millions of dollars for the software, and millions more for implementing the system • Complexity the move towards globalisation is increasing complexity in the supply chain e.g. time zones, transport fees, culture and language, exchange rates, taxes, etc.

Push - Pull Demand

Push and Pull Demand: Under a pull supply chain, actual customer demand drives the process, while push strategies are driven by long-term projections of customer demand.

Understand the difference between data and information

Raw fact representing a person, place, thing or event.Not meaningful on its own May be • Text • Numeric • Image • Audiovisual Knowledge is derived from data Data is processed and presented in meaningful context

Discuss business options for green adaptation

Solar powered data centres Virtual servers (less machines)

Define common business forms/types

Sole Proprietorship Partnership Corporation

Describe Supply Chain Management (SCM) Systems and how they help to improve supplier-related business processes.

Supply Chain Management (SCM) *Close linkage and coordination of activities involved in buying, making, and moving a product *Integrates supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and customer, logistics, time *Reduces time, redundant effort, and inventory costs

SMC

Supply chain management

Explain what is meant by business process management (BPM), its role and value

Systematic process of creating, assessing, and altering business processes Involves a sequence of well-managed steps Business processes will change over time: Improvements (often continuous, may include streamlining, adapting etc.) Re-engineering (significant change) Automation

Demonstrate the value of business process modelling

The activity of creating a graphic description (detailed flow chart or map) of business processes and activities in their structured sequence

challenges of CRM

The customer is always right, and now has more power than ever, thanks to the internet. How did customers make complaints before the advent of the Internet: • They wrote a letter, made a phone call, visited in person - the bottom line is that the impact of one person was minimal. How customers complain today: • Blogs, websites, emails, etc. - one person can easily influence millions of people by using the Internet.

Business Intelligence?

The data can show patterns and relationships • Those relationships can yield valuable information that can help businesses make better decisions • Can help forecast changes • Can help with areas such as customer relationship management • Uncover new product/service ideas • Uncover what may not be obvious

Describe the characteristics of Edge Computing

The term "edge computing" covers a wide range of technologies, including peer-to-peer, grid/mesh computing, fog computing, blockchain, and content delivery network. It's been popular within the mobile sector and is now branching off into almost every industry.

ERP Core Components

The three most common core ERP components • Accounting and finance Manage accounting data and financial processes such as Accounts payable, budgeting, credit management • Production and materials management (Operations) Procurement, inventory management, shipping • Human resources Recruitment, payroll, performance reviews

Five fundamental components of a computer-based information System:

• Computer hardware • Software • Data • Procedures • People