Jazz Exam #3
What was the most popular song off of Charles Mingus' Epitaph?
"The Children's Hour of Dream"
Julian "Cannonball Adderley" (1928 - 1975)
- Alto saxophonist - 1955 --> moved to NY - Played in Miles Davis sextet during 1956 - 1959 - Quintet with brother Nat Adderley - Called "The New Bird" because of Charlie Parker's influence
Cannonball Adderley's style
- Bebop, blues, & gospel - hard bop - Big, full sound - Aggressive, outgoing improviser
Hard Bop (1950s-1960s) characteristics
- Bebop-based format but more singable - Improv - Traditional blues and gospel elements - Repetitive musical ideas - Latin American influence - Dark, earthly, aggressive sound - Smaller groups - More organized arrangements
Horace Silver style
- Brief catchy phrases - Less virtuosity - Used silence as a dramatic device - New comping style
Art Blakey style
- Drumming based on other swing players (Chick Webb) - Uncompromising, powerful, aggressive swing - Defined Hard Bop style drumming - Looser, deeper swing with commanding "directed" sound - African drumming styles
Jazz Messengers (1956)
- Group created by Art Blakey and Horace Silver - Silver left & Blakey continued ensemble until death in 1990 - Group sound was defined by members: young musicians, new compositions
Sonny Rollins (1930)
- Influential tenor saxophonist - Influenced by Coleman Hawkins - Strong sound - Also has bebop influence - Recorded with Miles Davis 1951 - Joined Clifford Brown 1956 - Recorded his own groups 1950s
What Miles Davis' albums did Cannonball Adderley work on?
- Kind of Blue - Something Else
What was Sonny Rollin's most popular album and song?
Album: Saxophone Colossus Song: St. Thomas (1956)
Ornette Coleman (1930 - 2015)
Alto saxophonist, composer, bandleader Early R&B influence Personalized technique, strong inflections Bebop not accepted 1958 --> LA 1st recording session with Don Cherry 1960 Free Jazz - Established Coleman as innovator - Springboard for free jazz - Tracks divided into 2 channels each with a competing jazz quartet - Not totally free; melody, specific soloists - Freedom elements: no chord changes, overall form not AABA
Jazz Messengers style
Arrangements to build intensity: - Riffs behind solos - Stop time, breaks - Standard song arrangement & forms
This hard bop drummer was known for his uncompromising, powerful aggressive swing.
Art Blakey
Who continued the Jazz Messengers ensemble until their death?
Art Blakey
What were John Coltrane's avant-garde albums?
Ascension & Interstellar Space
Tadd Dameron style
- Melodic - Warmth of songs - "Romanticist of Bebop Era"
Art Blakey (1910 - 1990)
- Pianist in dance bands in 1930s - Became a drummer b/c he couldn't compete - Started Jazz Messengers with Horace Silver
Tadd Dameron (1917 - 1965)
- Pianist, arranger, composer, bandleader - Bridged gap between bebop and hard bop era - Arranged for: Basie, Artie Shaw, Gillespie - Drug addiction
Horace Silver (1928 - 2014)
- Pianist, composer - Pioneer of Hard Bop - Trained many young players in the 50s & 60s
Clifford Brown (1930 - 1956)
- The most important Hard Bop trumpeter - Combination of bebop and swing influences - 1950s Quintet with Max Roach; saxophonist included Sonny Rollins
What year did Sonny Rollins record with Miles Davis and what was the song called?
1951 ; Oleo
What is the Jazz Messengers most notable album?
A Night in Tunisia
Roland Kirk (1935 - 1977)
Influential woodwind player - sax clarinet, flute Could play several instruments at once; blind Virtuosic performance, comedic banter, and political activism Triple Threat - 1st album that demonstrates multi-instrument performance
Which electric bass player performed with Weather Report?
Jacob Pastorious
What were Cecil Taylor's most popular recordings?
Jazz Advance 1956 Unit Structures 1966
Free jazz important elements
Jazz sounds and quality communication more important than structure Pitch and tone color Collective improvisation No piano Increased use of non-European instruments No music entirely free - careful decisions, always listening, responding, having a conversation
Who was the cofounder of Weather Report?
Joe Zawinul
A Love Supreme and Giant Steps are both albums by which artist?
John Coltrane
What was Clifford Brown Quintet with Max Roach most popular songs?
Joy Spring & I Get a Kick out of You
Which musician has entirely improvised concerts?
Keith Jarrett
What was Keith Jarrett's most successful concert?
Koln Concert
Weather Report (fusion band)
Best known fusion band in the 1970s Elements that links this to jazz: - collective improv - similar instruments - experiments with jazz roles (rhythm section plays melody; horns accompany) Historical importance to jazz: - new level of collective improv - jazz/funk style improv - no reliance on vocals
This pianist comes to prominence during the Hard Bop era but doesn't sound like other players. His playing can be best described as delicate but not fragile with well-developed introspective solos.
Bill Evans
Bill Evans style
Delicate, not fragile Not flashy, well-developed, introspective Floating rhythm "Solar" Reshaped traditional chords
What was different about John Coltrane's avant-garde style?
Different drum patterns No more walking bass No more rapid chord changes
Who did Ornette Coleman have his first recording session with?
Don Cherry
The recording titled "Senor Blues" by Horace Silver displays what hard bop element?
Blues
How was the Jazz Messengers sound defined?
By its young musicians and new compositions
Which hard bop saxophone player's style is often described as a mix of bebop, simple blues and gospel? Professor's cat is named after him.
Cannonball Adderley
Who is considered the pioneer of free jazz?
Cecil Taylor
Having lived with discrimination growing up in Los Angeles on the West Coast, this bassist/composer/bandleader took an active role in civil rights advocacy in his music.
Charles Mingus
Fables of Faubus
Charles Mingus' protest against Arkansas governor (integration of/in schools issues)
During the Hard Bop era, players with individual sounds emerged because of which musician's influence?
Charlie Parker
Although his recording career only lasted 4 years, this trumpeter had a tremendous influence on jazz and is considered the most important hard bop trumpeter.
Clifford Brown
Who influenced Sonny Rollins?
Coleman Hawkins
What elements links Weather Report to jazz?
Collective improv, similar instruments, experiments with jazz roles
Which jazz group is comparable to Miles' bands and Jazz Messengers?
Coltrane Quartet
Who and what were Charles Mingus' influences?
Duke Ellington Charlier Parker Thelonious Monk Gospel music Folk music
Coltrane Quartet (1961 - 1965)
Elvin Jones, McCoy Turner, Jimmy Garrison Influential group - Critics consider it the best
Bitches Brew 1970, Miles Davis
Expanded instruments Rock grove Chick Corea in this group
Free Jazz & Avant-Garde characteristics
Experimentation No chord progression No preset form New textures - Chaotic - Long sounds - Active sounds New instruments Improvisation of every instrument
John Coltrane's style
Experimented different harmonic approaches - Add complex chords - Double chords in a tune - Made them much more difficult to navigate
Who influenced Clifford Brown's bebop style?
Fats Navarro
What electronic instruments are used in fusion?
Fender rhodes Moog synthesizer Clavinet ARP synthesizer EWI - electronic wind instrument
The name of this Ornette Coleman album is the name used to describe the jazz movement that emphasized experimentation in all elements of jazz including no chord progressions, no preset forms and new textures.
Free jazz
Blood, Sweat, and Tears
Fusion Jazz rock group from Chicago
The recording titled "Preacher" by Horace Silver displays what hard bop element?
Gospel
What kind of elements does Charles Mingus' song "Haitian Fight Song" have?
Gospel revival elements
What was Sonny Rollin's album The Bridge named after?
His favorite practice spot
Who is considered the pioneer of hard bop?
Horace Silver
Sonny Rollin's style
Improvisation - Motifs - Classical approach Breaks in public performance - Practice - Percussion in 1950 1962 - New sound, fresh approach
Because he was passionately committed to his own personal musical progress, this saxophonist took 3 different breaks in his career to study/practice.
Sonny Rollins
Clifford Brown's Quintet with Max Roach included which saxophonist?
Sonny Rollins
This saxophonist constructed solos based on short motifs much like in classical music. His improvisation on the tune St. Thomas is a good example of that.
Sonny Rollins
What was Tadd Dameron's large composition that he wrote for Gillespie?
Soulphony in Three Hearts
Charles Mingus compositional approach
Strong compositional approach - 30 records in 10 years Jazz workshop - Hired young musicians "Haitian Fight Song" 1957 - Gospel revival elements Excellent bass soloist - Influenced by bebop style
Known as the romantic Bebop era, this pianist bridged the gap between Bebop and Hard Bop with the melodic beauty and warmth of the songs he composed.
Tadd Dameron
Who is considered the "romanticist of bebop era"?
Tadd Dameron
John Coltrane (1926 - 1967)
Tenor saxophonist 1945-1946 --> Hawaii Navy Band 1947-1949 --> Joe Webb, King Kolax, & Eddie Vinson Influenced by Charlie Parker 1949 --> Dizzy Gillespie - 1st recorded solo: "We Love to Boogie" 1952 - 1953 --> Johnny Hodges (Duke's Big Band) 1955 --> Joined Miles Davis 1957 --> Thelonious Monk - "Trinkle Tinkle"
Art Blakey & Horace Silver
The Jazz Messengers group was formed by whom in 1956?
How were Ornette Coleman's free jazz tracks divided?
They were divided into 2 channels each with a competing jazz quartet
What song did John Coltrane record with Thelonious Monk?
Trinkle Tinkle
Jacob Pastorious (1951 - 1987)
Virtuosic electric bass player - worked with Bela Fleck Astonishing technique - harmonics - chord - glissandos - percussive elements Performed with Weather Report
Eric Dolphy's style
Virtuoso, style abroads jazz language - Rooted in bebop - Complex harmony and intervals
What was John Coltrane's first recorded solo with Dizzy Gillespie?
We Love to Boogie
Eric Dolphy (1928 - 1964)
Woodwind player - alto sax, bass clarinet, flute Improvisation approach similar to Charlie Parker Worked with Charles Mingus Performed and collaborated with Ornette Coleman, George Russell, Ron Carter, & John Coltrane 1962 experimental concert - dancing, painting, poetry - third stream avant-garde concepts - "Out to Lunch" and "Hat and Beard" most popular recordings
Don Cherry (1936 - 1995)
Worked with John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, and Sonny Rollins World fusion music
Keith Jarrett (b. 1945)
Worked with Miles Davis, Art Blakey, & Jazz Messengers Original pianist Toured as soloist Entire concerts improvised The Koln Concert: - improvised concert - in 4 part - sold 10 million copies
Who is the Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center?
Wynton Marsalis
avant-garde
music that is innovative and different than what preceded
Who did Charles Mingus work with?
Louis Armstrong 1943 Charlie Parker 1950 - 1955 (love/hate relationship with Parker legacy)
John Coltrane was fired from this trumpeter's band because of his struggles with drugs and alcohol in the late 1950s. This happened soon after recording the album Kind of Blue.
Miles Davis
Wynton Marsalis (b. 1916)
Most-well known living jazz musician Trumpeter, composer, teacher, music educator Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center Emphasizes traditional elements of jazz; bebop, hard bop
What was the first album the Coltrane Quartet recorded?
My Favorite Things - went gold
What was Weather Report's historical importance to jazz?
New level of collective improv, jazz/funk style improv, no reliance on vocals
John Coltrane's ballads
Not just a flashy player Very expressive, reserved, and thoughtful
Which musician had an early R&B influence?
Ornette Coleman
Bill Evans (1929 - 1980)
Pianist Fulfills piano legacy dating back to the beginning of jazz Most influential since Bud Powell style Laid foundations for future jazz pianists Joined Miles Davis --> moved to head of jazz community
Chick Corea (b. 1941)
Pianist Joined Miles Davis in 1967 Notable groups: - Return to Forever - Elektric Band - Akoustic Band Style: Rock, jazz, Latin American music - "Flamenco"
Ornette Coleman's free jazz style wasn't totally free because he used:
melody and specific soloists
Cecil Taylor (b. 1929)
Piano Pioneer of free jazz Popular recordings: Jazz Advance & Unit Structures Used new sounds on piano - used fists & elbows for violent crashes
Joe Zawinul (1931 - 2007)
Piano, synthesizer, composer, arranger Cofounder of Weather Report Worked with: - Dinah Washington - Cannonball Adderley - Miles Davis
John Coltrane - Soprano Saxophone
Played soprano sax in late 1950s - Popularized it for later jazz musicians
John Coltrane's Ascension and Interstellar Space marked his emergence as what?
Powerful force for avant-garde
Charles Mingus' Epitaph
Recognized by Gunther Schuller 31 piece double jazz orchestra
John Coltrane - A Love Supreme 1964
Religious influence very important Hard bop & free jazz elements Continuous four-part suite Downbeat's "Album of the Year" #47 on Rolling Stone's Greatest Alums of all Time
What are Chick Corea's notable groups?
Return to Forever Elektric Band Akoustic Band
This highly influential woodwind plater was known for his ability to play more than one instrument at once as demonstrated on his album Triple Threat.
Roland Kirk
Which free jazz musician could play several instruments at once?
Roland Kirk
Who influenced Clifford Brown's swing style?
Roy Eldridge
Who did Tadd Dameron write his song "If You Could See Me Now" with?
Sara Vaugn & Carl Sigman 1946
Who did Bill Evans' Landmark Trio include?
Scott LaFaro, bass Paul Motian, drums
Jazz critic Ira Gitler described John Coltrane's improvisation that used a constant stream of very fast notes to outline chords:
Sheets of sound
Ornette Coleman's reputation
Attracted group followers - jazz & classical musicians (Leonard Bernstein) Style influenced most contemporary jazz musicians
Cannonball Adderley accompanied Miles Davis on which song from his album Something Else?
Autumn Leaves
Charles Mingus (1922 - 1979)
Bassist, pianist, composer, bandleader Outspoken advocate of civil rights - Cello lessons - Denied education "Shortnin Bread" - original song
What jazz style influenced Charles Mingus' bass soloist skills?
Bebop