Jazz Exam #3

What was the most popular song off of Charles Mingus' Epitaph?

"The Children's Hour of Dream"

Julian "Cannonball Adderley" (1928 - 1975)

- Alto saxophonist - 1955 --> moved to NY - Played in Miles Davis sextet during 1956 - 1959 - Quintet with brother Nat Adderley - Called "The New Bird" because of Charlie Parker's influence

Cannonball Adderley's style

- Bebop, blues, & gospel - hard bop - Big, full sound - Aggressive, outgoing improviser

Hard Bop (1950s-1960s) characteristics

- Bebop-based format but more singable - Improv - Traditional blues and gospel elements - Repetitive musical ideas - Latin American influence - Dark, earthly, aggressive sound - Smaller groups - More organized arrangements

Horace Silver style

- Brief catchy phrases - Less virtuosity - Used silence as a dramatic device - New comping style

Art Blakey style

- Drumming based on other swing players (Chick Webb) - Uncompromising, powerful, aggressive swing - Defined Hard Bop style drumming - Looser, deeper swing with commanding "directed" sound - African drumming styles

Jazz Messengers (1956)

- Group created by Art Blakey and Horace Silver - Silver left & Blakey continued ensemble until death in 1990 - Group sound was defined by members: young musicians, new compositions

Sonny Rollins (1930)

- Influential tenor saxophonist - Influenced by Coleman Hawkins - Strong sound - Also has bebop influence - Recorded with Miles Davis 1951 - Joined Clifford Brown 1956 - Recorded his own groups 1950s

What Miles Davis' albums did Cannonball Adderley work on?

- Kind of Blue - Something Else

What was Sonny Rollin's most popular album and song?

Album: Saxophone Colossus Song: St. Thomas (1956)

Ornette Coleman (1930 - 2015)

Alto saxophonist, composer, bandleader Early R&B influence Personalized technique, strong inflections Bebop not accepted 1958 --> LA 1st recording session with Don Cherry 1960 Free Jazz - Established Coleman as innovator - Springboard for free jazz - Tracks divided into 2 channels each with a competing jazz quartet - Not totally free; melody, specific soloists - Freedom elements: no chord changes, overall form not AABA

Jazz Messengers style

Arrangements to build intensity: - Riffs behind solos - Stop time, breaks - Standard song arrangement & forms

This hard bop drummer was known for his uncompromising, powerful aggressive swing.

Art Blakey

Who continued the Jazz Messengers ensemble until their death?

Art Blakey

What were John Coltrane's avant-garde albums?

Ascension & Interstellar Space

Tadd Dameron style

- Melodic - Warmth of songs - "Romanticist of Bebop Era"

Art Blakey (1910 - 1990)

- Pianist in dance bands in 1930s - Became a drummer b/c he couldn't compete - Started Jazz Messengers with Horace Silver

Tadd Dameron (1917 - 1965)

- Pianist, arranger, composer, bandleader - Bridged gap between bebop and hard bop era - Arranged for: Basie, Artie Shaw, Gillespie - Drug addiction

Horace Silver (1928 - 2014)

- Pianist, composer - Pioneer of Hard Bop - Trained many young players in the 50s & 60s

Clifford Brown (1930 - 1956)

- The most important Hard Bop trumpeter - Combination of bebop and swing influences - 1950s Quintet with Max Roach; saxophonist included Sonny Rollins

What year did Sonny Rollins record with Miles Davis and what was the song called?

1951 ; Oleo

What is the Jazz Messengers most notable album?

A Night in Tunisia

Roland Kirk (1935 - 1977)

Influential woodwind player - sax clarinet, flute Could play several instruments at once; blind Virtuosic performance, comedic banter, and political activism Triple Threat - 1st album that demonstrates multi-instrument performance

Which electric bass player performed with Weather Report?

Jacob Pastorious

What were Cecil Taylor's most popular recordings?

Jazz Advance 1956 Unit Structures 1966

Free jazz important elements

Jazz sounds and quality communication more important than structure Pitch and tone color Collective improvisation No piano Increased use of non-European instruments No music entirely free - careful decisions, always listening, responding, having a conversation

Who was the cofounder of Weather Report?

Joe Zawinul

A Love Supreme and Giant Steps are both albums by which artist?

John Coltrane

What was Clifford Brown Quintet with Max Roach most popular songs?

Joy Spring & I Get a Kick out of You

Which musician has entirely improvised concerts?

Keith Jarrett

What was Keith Jarrett's most successful concert?

Koln Concert

Weather Report (fusion band)

Best known fusion band in the 1970s Elements that links this to jazz: - collective improv - similar instruments - experiments with jazz roles (rhythm section plays melody; horns accompany) Historical importance to jazz: - new level of collective improv - jazz/funk style improv - no reliance on vocals

This pianist comes to prominence during the Hard Bop era but doesn't sound like other players. His playing can be best described as delicate but not fragile with well-developed introspective solos.

Bill Evans

Bill Evans style

Delicate, not fragile Not flashy, well-developed, introspective Floating rhythm "Solar" Reshaped traditional chords

What was different about John Coltrane's avant-garde style?

Different drum patterns No more walking bass No more rapid chord changes

Who did Ornette Coleman have his first recording session with?

Don Cherry

The recording titled "Senor Blues" by Horace Silver displays what hard bop element?

Blues

How was the Jazz Messengers sound defined?

By its young musicians and new compositions

Which hard bop saxophone player's style is often described as a mix of bebop, simple blues and gospel? Professor's cat is named after him.

Cannonball Adderley

Who is considered the pioneer of free jazz?

Cecil Taylor

Having lived with discrimination growing up in Los Angeles on the West Coast, this bassist/composer/bandleader took an active role in civil rights advocacy in his music.

Charles Mingus

Fables of Faubus

Charles Mingus' protest against Arkansas governor (integration of/in schools issues)

During the Hard Bop era, players with individual sounds emerged because of which musician's influence?

Charlie Parker

Although his recording career only lasted 4 years, this trumpeter had a tremendous influence on jazz and is considered the most important hard bop trumpeter.

Clifford Brown

Who influenced Sonny Rollins?

Coleman Hawkins

What elements links Weather Report to jazz?

Collective improv, similar instruments, experiments with jazz roles

Which jazz group is comparable to Miles' bands and Jazz Messengers?

Coltrane Quartet

Who and what were Charles Mingus' influences?

Duke Ellington Charlier Parker Thelonious Monk Gospel music Folk music

Coltrane Quartet (1961 - 1965)

Elvin Jones, McCoy Turner, Jimmy Garrison Influential group - Critics consider it the best

Bitches Brew 1970, Miles Davis

Expanded instruments Rock grove Chick Corea in this group

Free Jazz & Avant-Garde characteristics

Experimentation No chord progression No preset form New textures - Chaotic - Long sounds - Active sounds New instruments Improvisation of every instrument

John Coltrane's style

Experimented different harmonic approaches - Add complex chords - Double chords in a tune - Made them much more difficult to navigate

Who influenced Clifford Brown's bebop style?

Fats Navarro

What electronic instruments are used in fusion?

Fender rhodes Moog synthesizer Clavinet ARP synthesizer EWI - electronic wind instrument

The name of this Ornette Coleman album is the name used to describe the jazz movement that emphasized experimentation in all elements of jazz including no chord progressions, no preset forms and new textures.

Free jazz

Blood, Sweat, and Tears

Fusion Jazz rock group from Chicago

The recording titled "Preacher" by Horace Silver displays what hard bop element?

Gospel

What kind of elements does Charles Mingus' song "Haitian Fight Song" have?

Gospel revival elements

What was Sonny Rollin's album The Bridge named after?

His favorite practice spot

Who is considered the pioneer of hard bop?

Horace Silver

Sonny Rollin's style

Improvisation - Motifs - Classical approach Breaks in public performance - Practice - Percussion in 1950 1962 - New sound, fresh approach

Because he was passionately committed to his own personal musical progress, this saxophonist took 3 different breaks in his career to study/practice.

Sonny Rollins

Clifford Brown's Quintet with Max Roach included which saxophonist?

Sonny Rollins

This saxophonist constructed solos based on short motifs much like in classical music. His improvisation on the tune St. Thomas is a good example of that.

Sonny Rollins

What was Tadd Dameron's large composition that he wrote for Gillespie?

Soulphony in Three Hearts

Charles Mingus compositional approach

Strong compositional approach - 30 records in 10 years Jazz workshop - Hired young musicians "Haitian Fight Song" 1957 - Gospel revival elements Excellent bass soloist - Influenced by bebop style

Known as the romantic Bebop era, this pianist bridged the gap between Bebop and Hard Bop with the melodic beauty and warmth of the songs he composed.

Tadd Dameron

Who is considered the "romanticist of bebop era"?

Tadd Dameron

John Coltrane (1926 - 1967)

Tenor saxophonist 1945-1946 --> Hawaii Navy Band 1947-1949 --> Joe Webb, King Kolax, & Eddie Vinson Influenced by Charlie Parker 1949 --> Dizzy Gillespie - 1st recorded solo: "We Love to Boogie" 1952 - 1953 --> Johnny Hodges (Duke's Big Band) 1955 --> Joined Miles Davis 1957 --> Thelonious Monk - "Trinkle Tinkle"

Art Blakey & Horace Silver

The Jazz Messengers group was formed by whom in 1956?

How were Ornette Coleman's free jazz tracks divided?

They were divided into 2 channels each with a competing jazz quartet

What song did John Coltrane record with Thelonious Monk?

Trinkle Tinkle

Jacob Pastorious (1951 - 1987)

Virtuosic electric bass player - worked with Bela Fleck Astonishing technique - harmonics - chord - glissandos - percussive elements Performed with Weather Report

Eric Dolphy's style

Virtuoso, style abroads jazz language - Rooted in bebop - Complex harmony and intervals

What was John Coltrane's first recorded solo with Dizzy Gillespie?

We Love to Boogie

Eric Dolphy (1928 - 1964)

Woodwind player - alto sax, bass clarinet, flute Improvisation approach similar to Charlie Parker Worked with Charles Mingus Performed and collaborated with Ornette Coleman, George Russell, Ron Carter, & John Coltrane 1962 experimental concert - dancing, painting, poetry - third stream avant-garde concepts - "Out to Lunch" and "Hat and Beard" most popular recordings

Don Cherry (1936 - 1995)

Worked with John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, and Sonny Rollins World fusion music

Keith Jarrett (b. 1945)

Worked with Miles Davis, Art Blakey, & Jazz Messengers Original pianist Toured as soloist Entire concerts improvised The Koln Concert: - improvised concert - in 4 part - sold 10 million copies

Who is the Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center?

Wynton Marsalis

avant-garde

music that is innovative and different than what preceded

Who did Charles Mingus work with?

Louis Armstrong 1943 Charlie Parker 1950 - 1955 (love/hate relationship with Parker legacy)

John Coltrane was fired from this trumpeter's band because of his struggles with drugs and alcohol in the late 1950s. This happened soon after recording the album Kind of Blue.

Miles Davis

Wynton Marsalis (b. 1916)

Most-well known living jazz musician Trumpeter, composer, teacher, music educator Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center Emphasizes traditional elements of jazz; bebop, hard bop

What was the first album the Coltrane Quartet recorded?

My Favorite Things - went gold

What was Weather Report's historical importance to jazz?

New level of collective improv, jazz/funk style improv, no reliance on vocals

John Coltrane's ballads

Not just a flashy player Very expressive, reserved, and thoughtful

Which musician had an early R&B influence?

Ornette Coleman

Bill Evans (1929 - 1980)

Pianist Fulfills piano legacy dating back to the beginning of jazz Most influential since Bud Powell style Laid foundations for future jazz pianists Joined Miles Davis --> moved to head of jazz community

Chick Corea (b. 1941)

Pianist Joined Miles Davis in 1967 Notable groups: - Return to Forever - Elektric Band - Akoustic Band Style: Rock, jazz, Latin American music - "Flamenco"

Ornette Coleman's free jazz style wasn't totally free because he used:

melody and specific soloists

Cecil Taylor (b. 1929)

Piano Pioneer of free jazz Popular recordings: Jazz Advance & Unit Structures Used new sounds on piano - used fists & elbows for violent crashes

Joe Zawinul (1931 - 2007)

Piano, synthesizer, composer, arranger Cofounder of Weather Report Worked with: - Dinah Washington - Cannonball Adderley - Miles Davis

John Coltrane - Soprano Saxophone

Played soprano sax in late 1950s - Popularized it for later jazz musicians

John Coltrane's Ascension and Interstellar Space marked his emergence as what?

Powerful force for avant-garde

Charles Mingus' Epitaph

Recognized by Gunther Schuller 31 piece double jazz orchestra

John Coltrane - A Love Supreme 1964

Religious influence very important Hard bop & free jazz elements Continuous four-part suite Downbeat's "Album of the Year" #47 on Rolling Stone's Greatest Alums of all Time

What are Chick Corea's notable groups?

Return to Forever Elektric Band Akoustic Band

This highly influential woodwind plater was known for his ability to play more than one instrument at once as demonstrated on his album Triple Threat.

Roland Kirk

Which free jazz musician could play several instruments at once?

Roland Kirk

Who influenced Clifford Brown's swing style?

Roy Eldridge

Who did Tadd Dameron write his song "If You Could See Me Now" with?

Sara Vaugn & Carl Sigman 1946

Who did Bill Evans' Landmark Trio include?

Scott LaFaro, bass Paul Motian, drums

Jazz critic Ira Gitler described John Coltrane's improvisation that used a constant stream of very fast notes to outline chords:

Sheets of sound

Ornette Coleman's reputation

Attracted group followers - jazz & classical musicians (Leonard Bernstein) Style influenced most contemporary jazz musicians

Cannonball Adderley accompanied Miles Davis on which song from his album Something Else?

Autumn Leaves

Charles Mingus (1922 - 1979)

Bassist, pianist, composer, bandleader Outspoken advocate of civil rights - Cello lessons - Denied education "Shortnin Bread" - original song

What jazz style influenced Charles Mingus' bass soloist skills?

Bebop