Chapter 12 My Psychology Pomerantz
the trait theory of personality
emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality
behavioral theory of personality
emphasizes the influence of the environment and the importance of observable, measurable behavior
multimethod assessment
emphasizes the use of multiple methods rather than only one.
psychodynamic theory of personality
explanation of personality based on the ideas of sigmund freud that emphasizes unconscious forces and early childhood experiences.
psycho sexual stages
feuds five biologically based developmental stages of childhood, during which personality characteristics are found.
genital stage
final stage which lasts from puberty to adulthood which focuses on adult sexual relationships
oral stage
first stage that focuses on psychological consequences of feeding behavior.
latency stage
fourth psychosexual stage is when the childs energy is focused primarily in school and other tasks that have little to do with sexual or bodily issues
Repression
hides id impulse in the unconscious to keep uoi unaware of it
unconscious
mental activity of which the person is unaware.
Carl Jung
neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation
Five Factor Model of Personality
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
five stages
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
projective personality tests
personality test in which clients respond to ambiguous stimuli in a free form way
identification
process in which child models himself or herself after the undefeatable same-sex parent.
8 Defense mechanisms
repression, denial, projection, rationalization, displacement, intellectualization, regression
conditions of worth
requirements that you must meet to earn a persons positive regard
Regression
retreats to an earlier time in your life when the current stressor was absent
Anal stage
second psychosexual stage, focuses on psychological consequences of toilet training.
Julian Rotter
social cognitive theorist that highlighted another kind of cognition that influences personality: locus of control.
Archetypes
specific symbols or patter within the collective unconscious that appear consistent across cultures and time periods
traits
stable elements of personality that influence thoughts, feelings and behavior across most situations.
behavioral genetics
study of impact of genes and environment on personality and behavior
defense mechanisms
techniques used by the ego to manage conflict between id and superego
objective personality tests
tests in which the client responds to a set of standardized set of question, usually in multiple choice or true-false format
cultural competence
the ability to work sensitively and expertly with members of a culturally diverse society
id
the animalistc part of the mind that generates our most basic, biologicaly based impulses such as sex and aggression
psychic determinism
the belief all thoughts and behaviors, even those that seem accidental, arvituary, or mistake, are determined by psychological forces
Superego
the part of the mind that opposes the Id by enforcing the rules, restriction and morality
Ego
the part of the mind that serves as a realistic mediator between the id and superego
ideal self
the self-actualized version of yourself that you naturally strive to become
Extraversion
the tendency to be socially outgoing
Neuroticism
the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, depression and stress
real self
the version of yourself that you actually experience in day-today life
Neo-Freudian theories
theories derived from Freud's model, but with less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and more optimism regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth
social cognitive theory of personality
theory that emphasizes the interaction of environment, though processes and social factors
reciprocal determinism
theory that three factors continually influence each other your behavior, your environment and your cognitions
Phallic stage
third stage, focuses on psychological consequences of attration to the opposite sex parent
freudian slips
verbal or behavioral mistakes that reveal unconscious thoughts or wishes
self-concept
view of who you are
positive regard
warmth, acceptance, and love from those around you
self-efficacy
your beliefs about your own capabilities
empirical test construction
A way to create objective personality tests in which items are included only if different groups respond differently to them
NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3)
An objective personality test that measures the Big Five personality factors.
Rationalization
Comes up with seemingly acceptable explanations for behaviors actually based on id impulse.
Oedipus complex
Desiring mother and resenting father
self-actualization
Full becoming the person you have the potential to be
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory
Reaction Formation
Overreacts against id impulse by doing the exact opposite, as if overcompensating
Sublimination
Redirects the id impulse in a way that actually benefits others. (you like to hurt people so you become a soldier who can do so for national security)
Displacement
Redirects the id impulse toward a safer target in order to minimize the consequences to you
Internal locus of control
The belief that your life is under control of forces inside of yourself
external locus of control
The belief that your life under the control of forces outside of yourself
Conscientiousness
The tendency to be organized, responsible and deliberate
Openess to experience
The tendency to be receptive to new r unconventional idea
Agreeableness
The tendency to cooperate and comply with other people
collective unconscious
common, inherited memories that are present in the minds of people of every culture
Electra Complex
desiring the father and resenting the mother
humanistic theory of personality
emphasize people's inherent tendencies toward healthy, positive growth and self fulfillment.
projection
"projects" your id impulse onto others, so it appears they have it rather than you
Denial
Blocks external events from consciousness because they are too threatening
Locus of control
Your belief about how much you have over what happens to yourself
fixation
a lingering psychological problem directly related to unsuccessful experience of a particular pyschosexual stage
congruence
a match between your real self and ideal self
clinical interviews
a method in which the psychologist engages in conversation with the client
incongruence
a mismatch between your real self and your ideal self
Personality
a persons distinctive way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which the client creates stories in response to cards that show people in undefined situations
Rorschach inkblot technique
a projective test in which the client responds to 10 inkblot images
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
a widely used and respected objective personality test that emphasizes mental disorders
behavioral assessment
an approach to Assessment that assumes client behaviors are themselves the problems rather than signs of deeper problems