Chapter 12 My Psychology Pomerantz

the trait theory of personality

emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality

behavioral theory of personality

emphasizes the influence of the environment and the importance of observable, measurable behavior

multimethod assessment

emphasizes the use of multiple methods rather than only one.

psychodynamic theory of personality

explanation of personality based on the ideas of sigmund freud that emphasizes unconscious forces and early childhood experiences.

psycho sexual stages

feuds five biologically based developmental stages of childhood, during which personality characteristics are found.

genital stage

final stage which lasts from puberty to adulthood which focuses on adult sexual relationships

oral stage

first stage that focuses on psychological consequences of feeding behavior.

latency stage

fourth psychosexual stage is when the childs energy is focused primarily in school and other tasks that have little to do with sexual or bodily issues

Repression

hides id impulse in the unconscious to keep uoi unaware of it

unconscious

mental activity of which the person is unaware.

Carl Jung

neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation

Five Factor Model of Personality

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

five stages

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

projective personality tests

personality test in which clients respond to ambiguous stimuli in a free form way

identification

process in which child models himself or herself after the undefeatable same-sex parent.

8 Defense mechanisms

repression, denial, projection, rationalization, displacement, intellectualization, regression

conditions of worth

requirements that you must meet to earn a persons positive regard

Regression

retreats to an earlier time in your life when the current stressor was absent

Anal stage

second psychosexual stage, focuses on psychological consequences of toilet training.

Julian Rotter

social cognitive theorist that highlighted another kind of cognition that influences personality: locus of control.

Archetypes

specific symbols or patter within the collective unconscious that appear consistent across cultures and time periods

traits

stable elements of personality that influence thoughts, feelings and behavior across most situations.

behavioral genetics

study of impact of genes and environment on personality and behavior

defense mechanisms

techniques used by the ego to manage conflict between id and superego

objective personality tests

tests in which the client responds to a set of standardized set of question, usually in multiple choice or true-false format

cultural competence

the ability to work sensitively and expertly with members of a culturally diverse society

id

the animalistc part of the mind that generates our most basic, biologicaly based impulses such as sex and aggression

psychic determinism

the belief all thoughts and behaviors, even those that seem accidental, arvituary, or mistake, are determined by psychological forces

Superego

the part of the mind that opposes the Id by enforcing the rules, restriction and morality

Ego

the part of the mind that serves as a realistic mediator between the id and superego

ideal self

the self-actualized version of yourself that you naturally strive to become

Extraversion

the tendency to be socially outgoing

Neuroticism

the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, depression and stress

real self

the version of yourself that you actually experience in day-today life

Neo-Freudian theories

theories derived from Freud's model, but with less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and more optimism regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth

social cognitive theory of personality

theory that emphasizes the interaction of environment, though processes and social factors

reciprocal determinism

theory that three factors continually influence each other your behavior, your environment and your cognitions

Phallic stage

third stage, focuses on psychological consequences of attration to the opposite sex parent

freudian slips

verbal or behavioral mistakes that reveal unconscious thoughts or wishes

self-concept

view of who you are

positive regard

warmth, acceptance, and love from those around you

self-efficacy

your beliefs about your own capabilities

empirical test construction

A way to create objective personality tests in which items are included only if different groups respond differently to them

NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3)

An objective personality test that measures the Big Five personality factors.

Rationalization

Comes up with seemingly acceptable explanations for behaviors actually based on id impulse.

Oedipus complex

Desiring mother and resenting father

self-actualization

Full becoming the person you have the potential to be

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory

Reaction Formation

Overreacts against id impulse by doing the exact opposite, as if overcompensating

Sublimination

Redirects the id impulse in a way that actually benefits others. (you like to hurt people so you become a soldier who can do so for national security)

Displacement

Redirects the id impulse toward a safer target in order to minimize the consequences to you

Internal locus of control

The belief that your life is under control of forces inside of yourself

external locus of control

The belief that your life under the control of forces outside of yourself

Conscientiousness

The tendency to be organized, responsible and deliberate

Openess to experience

The tendency to be receptive to new r unconventional idea

Agreeableness

The tendency to cooperate and comply with other people

collective unconscious

common, inherited memories that are present in the minds of people of every culture

Electra Complex

desiring the father and resenting the mother

humanistic theory of personality

emphasize people's inherent tendencies toward healthy, positive growth and self fulfillment.

projection

"projects" your id impulse onto others, so it appears they have it rather than you

Denial

Blocks external events from consciousness because they are too threatening

Locus of control

Your belief about how much you have over what happens to yourself

fixation

a lingering psychological problem directly related to unsuccessful experience of a particular pyschosexual stage

congruence

a match between your real self and ideal self

clinical interviews

a method in which the psychologist engages in conversation with the client

incongruence

a mismatch between your real self and your ideal self

Personality

a persons distinctive way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which the client creates stories in response to cards that show people in undefined situations

Rorschach inkblot technique

a projective test in which the client responds to 10 inkblot images

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

a widely used and respected objective personality test that emphasizes mental disorders

behavioral assessment

an approach to Assessment that assumes client behaviors are themselves the problems rather than signs of deeper problems