JCI Midterm 1 Terms

Arius was eventually condemned as a heretic for teaching what belief?

Jesus as the Son of God was created by God the Father

council of Constantinople

3 person, 1 substance

babylonian captivity

50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon Cyrus the great conquers Babylon and allows that the Jews return to Judea and Jerusalem

Hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.

Jewish priests in antiquity traced their authority back to which figure from the Torah?

Aaron

Genesis 12 describes how God established a covenant with

Abraham

Bilal

An Ethiopian African whom Mohammad appointed to call worshippers to prayer in Medina because of his beautiful voice, considered the first muezzin

Not one of Origen's levels of interpretation

Anagogical

presbyters

Another name for elders or priests; in the early church, they were closely associated with the bishop in the exercising of leadership

Abraham was from

Babylon

every sura, except 9, begins with

Basmala

christology

Christ is one person in two natures

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

'one person, two natures'

Council of Chalcedon (christology)

The Second Temple era writings of the Qumran community survive for study to this day. What is the name of this collection?

Dead Sea Scrolls

Qumran Community

Dead Sea scrolls discovered in 1948 separated from Jerusalem and its temple under the Maccabees lived in communities near the Dead Sea to what was the one true covenant relationship

Paul of Tarsus wrote texts included in which collection of books in the Christian Canon?

Epistles

In Islamic tradition, God delivered the Quran to Muhammad through the intermediary of

Gabriel

Councils of Nicea and Constantinople

God the father and Jesus his son are both divine and homoousios, of the same substance

Shahada originates from the

Hadith

A person who has memorized the entire text of the Quran is called a....

Hafiz

acts of the apostles

History of the early church

Following the Reformation, Protestant Christians would focus on which member of the Trinity in particular as the one who inspired the Bible?

Holy Spirit

Due to criticisms of the Catholic Church, which two theologians would begin the process of reforming Christianity in the 16th century, beginning Protestantism?

Luther and Zwingli

Which early Christian figure argued that the God of the New Testament was a different deity than the God of the Old Testament?

Marcion

four gospels

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John

synoptics

Matthew, Mark, and Luke; literally means "seeing with the same eye" each offering its own version of Jesus' life

Verses of the Qur'an are divided by which city they were revealed in. Which two cities are associated with the Suras of the Qur'an?

Mecca and Medina

The path that Muhammad took

Mecca-->Yathrib-->Medina

What is the title given to the anointed one promised to Israel by the prophets?

Messiah

archangels

Michael, Gabriel, Israeli, Izra'il Iblis is bad Djinn fire invisible

Not part of the Hebrew Bible

Midrash

Oral Torah is also known as

Mishnah

The Oral Torah is called the ________ (meaning repetition)

Mishnah

Moses b. Shemtov reports to have discovered which book that formed the cornerstone of Kabalah?

Mitzvot

rasul/nab

Muhammad is a messenger and the seal of the prophets

The opposite of Tawhid is known as Shirk, which best translates to which of the following?

Idolatry

not a center of Christian authroity

Phillipa

Great Schism of 1054

Pope Leo IX participated in the mutual anthems (condemnations) of 1054 CE, resulting in a schism between eastern (orthodox) and western (catholic)

What name is given to the holy text revealed to Muhammad starting in 610 CE?

Qur'an

women in the early church

Served as deacons and held different leadership roles women assumed the roles as patrons, prophets, and missionaries Mary Magdalene was the closest follower of Jesus the role of women was diminished and they were not allowed to be bishops or presbyters, only mothers or matrons

The proclamation "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is called

Shahadah

Arius

Son & Holy Spirit are less divine than God

Kabbahlists are associated with

The Book of Zohar

Shahada

The confession of faith, the first of the Five Pillars and central creedal statement of Islam: "There is no god except God. Muhammad is the messenger of God."

Christian Canon/Apocrypha

saw the Hebrew Bible as authoritative; the four gospels were considered authoritative eventually

Philo

a Hellenistic jew who interpreted Jewish scripture through platonic philosophy

Gospel of Thomas

a collection of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus earliest non canonical Gospel; this is a coptic translation

Shariah

a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives

canon

a list of writings that are held as especially authoritative

covenant

agreements or contracts between God and Israel -promises of many descendants and a homeland to the patriarchs -agreement between the descendants of Jacob/Israel at Sinai, with Moses as mediator

deacon

an ordained minister of an order ranking below that of priest

rasul

apostle

Charisma vs. Institution

as the institutional authority of bishops became more prevalent, claims to authority based on charisms (tongues, prophecy) independent teachers were rejected by bishops

Book of Zohar

attributed to ancient Jewish sages of the Mishnah/Talmud, but written by Moses de Leon in the 13th century

nabi

seal of the prophets (with regard to Muhammad)

not a sufi technique

self-flagellation

sufism

based on a life of spiritual poverty

The Meccan suras often contain criticism of

shirk/polytheism

Mu'min/iman

belief based on faith

apostolic succession

bishops were the successors of the apostles emphasized the public and universal nature of their message, in contrast to Gnostic appeal to secret teaching

Muhammad

caravan trader in Mecca who received revelations to guid his community of believers

ishad

chain of transmitters of the Hadith

Umma

community of all Muslims

What does orthodox mean?

correct belief

orthopraxy

correct practice

Each of the four models of Jewish authority derived from what Biblical concept?

covenant

God the Father

creator of the universe some dualists believed that there was a God of Israel ('just but evil') and also a God proclaimed by Jesus (good)

Non-Chacledonians

dyophysites or Nestorians stress the loose connection between the human and divine natures (God did not suffer on the cross) Miaphysites stressed the importance of the divinity in Christ's nature

church hierarchy

episkopos, presbyteros, diakonos

Logos

externalized speech

In Islam, angels do not have

free will

rabbis

gained authority after the 2nd Temple was destroyed and the priestly class lost their power traditions of the elders argued that Jews had to be attentive to the will of God and the commandments

Papias of Hierapolis

gave earliest account of who wrote the Gospels. Preserved in Eusebius. Recored sayings of the Lord

charismatic authority

glossolalia tongues and prophesy

peists

human reason was the arbiter of authority (that god does not intervene)

deism

human reason, not scripture or priests, as the ultimate arbiter of authority God prefers to let nature run like a clock and does not intervene

In Islam, which creation, endowed with intelligence, will, and speech, is considered the highest order?

humans

shirk

idoltary

Tradition is focused on

interpretation

David is an example of a state led by a

king

What are closely related in Judaism

kings and prophets

origen/ 4 levels of scriptural interpretation

literal/historical interpretation moral interpretation allegorical/spiritual interpretation anagogic/eschatological

Angles in the Quran

made by light and worship God but without free will

The literal meaning of canon is

measure

reform, orthodox, and conservative

modernist responses emphasize the moral and ethical aspects of scripture, as well as God's universality, discusses the role of the Torah observance in contemporary society

Ulama

muslim religious scholars

99 names of God

muslims have 99 ways of saying god the Quran speaks of God's beautiful names; many divine epithets are found in the Quran, and scholars compiled several lists of 99 names

the trinity

The truth that God, although one, is three Divine Persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

Most Meccans were

polytheists

In Judaism, according to the model of vertical revelation, God sends revelation to Israel through what?

Torah

Isiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel belong to which section of the Hebrew bible?

prophets

Moses demonstrates a nation led by

prophets

Models of Jewish Authority

prophets (Moses) priests (Aaron) kings (David) sages (Solomon/wisdom)

Montanus, Priscilla, Maximilla

prophets who were active in Phrygia they renewed apocalyptic speculations that had been central to first generation Christians

Ijtihad

reasoned interpretation of sacred law by a qualified scholar

Shabbatai Zvi

the Kabbalistic Messiah (Turkey 1666)

A Christian tradition includes all of the following except -apocryphal literature -scriptural interpretation -the gospel of Thomas -the Mishnah

the Mishnah

Gabriel

the angel who came to Muhammad on Mount Hira

Hijra

the immigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina after being opposed by the merchants of Mecca

Christ

the son of God, who was placed on earth to share the word of God

holy spirit

the spirit is a mediator, but not explicitly a human mediator 'present at Jesus' baptism' 'present at the Pentacost'

Qur'an

the teachings of Muhammad, which were later written down

judgement/predestination

there will be a final judgement; the world proceeds according to the will of its creator humans have free will

pauline epistles

thirteen letters whose primary purpose was to support and further educate either individual Christians or small Christian communities Thessalonians, Galatians, Philippians, 1&2 Corinthians, 1&2 Thessalonians, Romans, Ephesians, and Collasians

Tawhid

to make one

hadith

tradition fo Muhammad's revelations

Marcion

two Gods (old and new)

Wahat al wujud

unity of being (Sufism)

What does catholic mean?

universal

Abraham

was approached by God and was the first person to receive a covenant from God to relay to the people of Israel

rabbinic authority

were universal they wanted all ethnic Jews, not just their immediate disciples to follow the oral Torah

Kalam

word/discourse

scripture

writings or collections of writings preserved by religious communities as sources of teaching or worship

Paul

wrote letters to the epistles

Abraham and Christianity

"If you belong to Christ, you are Abraham's seed."

Oral Torah/Mishnah

"Oral Law," God gave Moses oral torah on Mt. Sinai handed down orally from teacher to student until it was written down under a rabbi

bishop

"Overseer"; a priest and church leader who is in charge of a large geographical area called a diocese

Nevi'im

"Prophets"; the second section of the Hebrew scriptures (Josua, Judges, 1+2 Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, 12 minor prophets)

orthodoxy

"correct belief" in opposition to Heresy

Aggadah

"narration" a story or exposition

Mishnah

"repetition" primarily Halakhic transmitted without a reference to a biblical verse

Halakah

"rule" legal tradition, on all aspects of life and worship

Midrash

"scriptural inquiry" Halakhic or aggadic tradition transmitted as commentary on a scriptural verse

sola scriptura

"scripture alone" the belief that all man needs for salvation is the Bible

Talmud

"teaching" discussion debate between rabbis over a tradition Babylonian: Mesopotamia Palestinian: Galilee

Torah

"teachings" the pentateuch (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy)

tradition

"that which has been handed down from the past" interpretations based on, or expanding upon, scripture

Tawhid

"to make one" active reflection on God's unity; an attempt to practice it through the community's own singleness of purpse

Kabbalah

"tradition," especially the medieval mystical Jewish tradition, of which the Zohar is a central text

catholic

"universal" a sense of the church as an entire body with the same doctrines and practices

Ketuvim

"writings" the third section of the Hebrew bible (Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ezra, Nehemiah)

Abraham in the Quran

'Abraham was devoutly obedient to Allah. We reveal to you, to follow the religion of Abraham."

Hasidism

'Baal Shem Tov' de-emphasized the rabbinic emphasis on Talmudic learning in favor of an intense piety based on the mysticism of Kabbalah new interpretation of the liturgical covenant

monotheism

'I am the first and the last.' 'I will level the mountains, so you will know I am the Lord, God of Israel.'

Messiah

'one who is anointed by God'

Iqra'

'recite' comes from the same root as Qur'an

sura

A chapter of the Qur'an

Qadi

A judge in Islamic law

secular judaism

A modern Jewish movement that defines "Jewishness" along ethnic and non-religious lines

homoousios

of the same substance

council of chalcedon

one person, two natures

mono means

only

Qumran

singleness

house churches

small assemblies of early Christians who met in private homes to support one another, ponder Jesus' message, pray, and break bread

miaphysites

stressed Christ's divinity

Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims