Jewish History chapter 17
what was the first farm colony established in israel?
Rishon L'tziyon. by 1905 there were about twenty farm colonies. in the early years, many struggled to survive. threatened by malaria, poverty, and lack of farming experience.
what did the Zionist Congress do as to not offend the Ottoman Turks?
They avioided the term "state" in describing Zionsim's goals
who was Aaron David Gordon?
he came with the second aliyah and arrived in israel in 1904. he believed that life in the Diaspora had made the jews weak because it had severed their connection to the soil.
what did Leon Pinsker care about in establishing a Jewish nation? what did his followers care about?
he cared that a jewish state be created, but not where it would be created. in contrast, most of his followers believed that Jewish nationalism would be meaningless unless its gial were a return to Israel.
what did Herzel do on august 29, 1897?
he opened the first zionist congress in Basel, Switzerland. about 200 delegates from jewish communities in 16 countries elected herzel thier leader and adopted his plan. they founded the World Zionist Organization and made Hatikvah the hymn of the Zionist movement.
what was herzel's first idea to stop antisemetism?
he proposed that all jews convert to catholicism. he changed his mind less than 6 months after dreyfus was imprisoned.
what was the second aliyah? what effect did it have?
a new wave of immigrants from russia between 1905 and 1914. it was driven by the deadly pogroms of 1903 and 1905. it had a powerful effect on the Yishuv (settlement) in israel. israel's first prime minister, David Ben Gurion came to israel on this aliyah. israel's second president, Yitzchak Ben Zvi also arrived during this period.
what did Herzel do to win support for the idea of a jewish homeland?
he travelled from capital to captial, meeting with leaders of the great european powers. his first concern was the political goal of establishing a state. he was not especially concerned about the content of the jewish state's culture. he assumed that the official language would be german. when herzel determined that the ottoman rulers had no intention of parting with palestine, he was open to other options. one option was the british offer of land in east africa. that option became known as the uganda plan.
what did Aaron Gordon want to do?
he wanted to create a modern jewish society in israel. he believed that manual labor would not only help strengthen the jews but also enable them to rebuild their culture. he insisted that pioneers rely soley on hebrew labor rather than hiring arabs. he tried to create new jews that would disprove antisemetic stereotypes
who was Asher Ginsberg? what did he believe?
he was a gifted russian jewish writer who was known by his pen name, Ahad Ha'am (one of the people). he believed that jews needed to return to their historic center, israel, and develop a modern, secular jewish culture that would help unify the people. he knew that many jews would remain in the Diaspora even if a jewish state was created. he believed that a jewish state and a national culture would enable diaspora jewry to survive and flourish.
at first, what was Herzel like as a Jew?
he was a great admirer of germans culture and spent most of his early life trying to fit into european high society. he even joined a fraternity with few jewish members. however, the antisemitism of his fraterinity borhters forced him to quit the group. the antismetism in france bothered him most since their slogan was liberity, equality, and brotherhood. at first antisemetism made him ashamed as a jew,
who was Leon Pinsker? what did he believe?
he was a jewish doctor and author. he believed that self-protection required jews to free themselves and live in a country of their own. many of his followers were young students and workers in russia, austria-hungary, and romania. they organized into small clubs, called Hovevei Tzion (lovers of zion). they held their first convention in 1884 and elected Pinsker as their chairman.
who was Theodor Herzel? what did he do?
he was a young Austrian journalist who was in prais coveing the dreyfus affair. responding to the injustice of the trial, he published a book in 1896 called The Jewish State. his message: emancipation has been a failure for the jews; they are still not safe in europe. only a massive movement from europe to their own land will put an end to antisemitsm.
who was Eliezer Perlman? what did he do?
he was an immigrant to Jerusalem and devoted himself to reviving Hebrew as a spoken language. first he changed hos last name to Ben-Yehuda. he they convinced his wife that they should speak only hebrew in their home. their oldest son, Ben Zion is siad to have been the first hebrew speaking child in modern history. he constructed words by using the roots of older related words.
where did those jews who did not want to work the land settle in israel?
in cities. by 1908, the largely arab port city of Jaffa was home to more than 6000 jews. in 1909 with te help of the JNF a group of settlers bought some nearby sand dunes and began construction. this became a city called tel aviv (hill of the spring) the name suggestes rebirth.
where did almost all the jews live in palestine?
in cities: Safed, Tiberias, Hebron, and Jerusalem, all particularly holy towns according to jewish tradition. most jews lived in poverty, surviving on charity from the diaspora.
when did the first settlers arrive in Israel?
in the summer of 1882. this was known as the First Aliyah, the first wave of Jews to immigrate to israel in response to the movement to create a modern jewish state. the first aliyah took place from 1882 to 1903.
what did Hovei Tzion began to do in support for the establishment of Israel?
it began raising money, sponsoring classes in Jewish History and Hebrew, and organizing self-defense groups. its goal was aliyah to settling in israel.
what did the influence of nationalism in europe cause for the jews?
it inspired a few dreamers to become jewish nationalists. as antisemitism increased, more jews were drawn to the idea of jewish nationalism.
what shows how unlike the rulers of western europe, the czars of russia refused to emancipate the jews?
jews in russia: not permitted to choose where to live did not have the same rights as christians subject to pogroms jews in western europe: could choose where to live by late 19th century, jews in many countries had full rights antisemtisim decreased for a while this caused russian jews to be more motivated than western jews to support the creation of a jewish state, where they would be free.
what increased Jewish immigration to palestine?
legal reforms in the 1840s and 1850s brought greater jewish equality and resulted in increased jewish immigration. majority of the population was Muslim and Chrsitian arab. most of the jews were sephardic but many of the newer arrivals were ashckenzaic from eastern europe.
what was Asher Ginsberg's main concern? how did most zionists respond to this?
that Palestine's majority arab population would be hostile to zionism. most zionists ignored his concern. they convinced themselves that arabs would welcome the jews. they expected the arabs to be grateful to the jews for bringing modern european culture to palestine, such as modern technology and medicine.
what caused a wave of nationalism across much of europe in the 1800s?
the argument that every nation has a right to govern itself in its own homeland
what reception did Herzel's ideas recieve?
the jews of western europe gave icy reception. they were full citizens and were most eager to demonstrate their patriotism to the nations in which they lived. but the jews of russia and eastern europe were not yet emancipated, so they liked his ideas.
what happened to most of the immigrants from the second aliyah?
they became disillusioned and left israel. daily life was very hard. food and other necessities were meager, and health conditions put the settlers at risk of becoming very sick. many of the pioneers remained single and childless during their first years in the Yishuv. their idealism and energies were focused on working the land and establishing political organizations and unions.
what were some of the jobs of the people from the first aliyah?
they found work as artisans, shopkeepers, and farmhands. others were poorly prepared to earn a living in israel and moved back to europe or moved to north america.
what did the zionists do in just a few decades?
they had built a social movement and had established over 40 agricultural colonies and villages in israel.
how did the newcomers to israel aquire land?
they turned to the jewish national fund (JNF). created in 1901, the JNF bought land in palestine to be owned by the entire jewish people
what did Palestine become as a result of the Ottomans control?
they were tolerant rulers. thus, palestine became a refuge for many jews who had been forced out of spain at the end of the 15th century.
how were the immigrants of the second aliyah different from those of the first aliyah?
unlike the first aliyah, the immigrants of the second aliyah were committed to socialist ideals. they dreamed of developing israel with their own hands and experimented with forms of cooperative living and farming
how were the jews of the existing communities in israel different from the jews of the first aliyah?
unlike the new arrivals, their connection to israel was based on religion and they were generally content to wait for the messiah rather than build up the land.
when did the conditions for Jews in Palestine improve?
when the Ottoman Turks gained control in the early 16th century
