KA Neuronal synapses, BIosignalling questions

Which receptors respond to deformations in the cell membrane.

stretch receptors respond to deformations in the cell membrane.

What is the correct path through the circulatory system which describes the passage of a blood clot originating in the left leg?

vena cava, RA, RV, lights, LA, LV aorta

At the instant following the second heart sound, which heart valves are open?

All valves are closed

Biosynthesis of steroids begins with:

Binding of pyrophosphate to a terpene

In terms of being open or closed, what is the state of the mitral and tricuspid valves (left and right atrioventricular valves, respectively) at the end of the first heart sound?

Both are closed. The first heart sound, "Lub," indicates that the heart has entered systole. The first heart sound indicates the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.

In the scenario of adrenaline interaction with its G-protein coupled receptor, which of the following functions as a second messenger?

Cyclic AMP

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the ____.

Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.

Glycine is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the ___.

Glycine is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord.

What is the endocrine function of liver

It also carries out the ductless secretion of hormones, chief among them insulin-like growth factor, into the bloodstream.

Growth factors and histamine are chemical agents released in small amounts that act locally on neighboring cells. Which of the following best describes the function of growth factors and histamine?

Paracrine function

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus would be classified as:

Paracrine. Paracrine signaling, in contrast, means that the hormone acts on a nearby, but different, organ. Remember that the hypothalamic hormones primarily act on the pituitary. Therefore this should be classified as paracrine signaling.

Which valves are not associated with the papillary muscles, and are not actively closed.

Semilunar valves are not associated with the papillary muscles, and are not actively closed.

What channel plays a role in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

Voltage-gated calcium channels

What channel plays a role in action potentials?

Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels also play a central role in action potentials.

Once phosphorylated, the intracellular segment of a receptor tyrosine kinase

allow docking of intracellular proteins. Receptor tyrosine kinases initiate, rather than terminate, intracellular signaling cascades.