KIN 272 Practice Exam 1
You have discovered a new hormone called "Alexone." Alexone stimulates release of another hormone called "Patone" from the liver. Patone increases the release of fatty acids into the bloodstream. Which of the following would likely affect the release of Patone?
-A releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus -blood lipid levels -blood patina concentration
When is pressure in the aorta greater than in the left ventricle? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer)
-Between A and B -Between C and D -Between D and the next A
Many choice: When we mobilize the venous reserve, which of the following increase?
-EDV -Stroke volume
Many choice: When we mobilize the venous reserve, which of the following increase?
-EDV -stroke volume
The process of blood clotting involves a positive feedback loop, but the result helps maintain homeostasis. Which of the following are dependent on the process of blood clotting? (Choose every correct answer, even if the effect is indirect.)
-Maintenance of tissue CO2 concentration -Maintenance of blood volume. -Maintenance of tissue oxygen concentration -Maintenance of body temperature.
Which of the following are functions of blood?
-Protection against infection -Maintaining the composition of the interstitial fluid -Maintaining pH -Transport -Maintaining body temperature
Many choice: In a resting neuron
-a concentration gradient pushes potassium out of a cell -an electrical gradient pushes potassium into a cell
Many choice: In order for ADH to be released, there must be osmoreceptors (sense changes in osmolarity) in the
-answer: hypothalamus -not answer: posterior pituitary gland
Many choice: Which of the following are true?
-arteries always carry blood away from the heart
Many choice: Assuming a cyclist has achieved homeostasis despite the high intensity, which of the following have increased?
-blood pressure -cardiac output
Many choice: Effectors in the feedback loop that increase blood pressure during exercise include
-cardiac muscle tissue -cells in the cardiac conduction system -smooth muscle in the arterioles
Achetylcholine
-decrease HR not answer: -increases the rate of depolarization pacemaker cells in the SA node
Many choice: If the vagus nerve were stimulated, which effects would you see on the ECG?
-each p wave would be spaced further from the next -each QRS complex would be spaced further from the next -each t wave would be spaced further from the next
Many choice: Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. Symptoms of the patient suffering from this disease would likely include
-feeling hot -weight loss
You have discovered a new hormone called "Alexone." Alexone is released from the anterior pituitary gland. Receptors for Alexone are located in the adrenal cortex and liver. Alexone could affect (choose everything that could be affected, whether the effects are direct or indirect).
-fluid balance -blood glucose -an immune response -growth and development -stress levels
Many choice: Which of the following generate pressure that moves blood towards the heart?
-leg muscles -muscles in the chest wall -the heart
Imaginary hormone receptor: Imagine a human had a mutated hormone receptor that was located in the adrenal cortex but was turned on by binding to Insulin. When the receptor is turned on, it causes release of hormones that regulate stress. All other components of the endocrine system respond normally. This person would have (choose every correct answer)
-low ACTH -low CRH -high cortisol
Many choice: When bound to hormone, endocrine receptors may be located in which of the following areas?
-nucleus -cytoplasm -cell membrane
Many choice, choose 2: Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. After an evening of drinking,
-plasma volume would be low -plasma osmolarity would be high
Many choice: Which of the following might result from endocrine receptor signaling?
-release of other molecules (exocytosis) -opening ion channels -increased production of ATP
Many choice: Components of negative feedback loops include
-sensors -control centers -effectors
Many choice: Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high. Adding ADH to the bloodstream does not treat the disorder. There must be a disruption at the level of the
-the ADH receptor
An individual with type B+ blood can receive which of the following blood types?
B+, B-, O+
If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. How does the body respond to correct the situation?
Baroreceptors detect a sudden drop in blood pressure and increase sympathetic nervous system activity.
Which of the following is a sensor in the feedback loop that causes increased blood pressure during exercise?
Baroreceptors in the carotid body and aortic arch
When stimulated by parasympathetic nerves, pacemaker cells in the heart
Become more permeable to potassium
During which period(s) are all heart valves closed? (Refer to chart 2)
Between A and B Between C and D
During which period(s) is the pulmonary semilunar valve open? (Refer to chart 2)
Between B and C
When is pressure in the left atrium greater than in the left ventricle? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer)
Between D and the next A
When is the left AV valve open? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer)
Between D and the next A
In an ECG, blood is flowing from the atria to the ventricles
Between the P wave and just after the beginning of the QRS complex
The major function of iron in blood is to
Bind to oxygen as a component of hemoglobin
If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. What change in blood flow to the brain causes this symptom?
Blood flow to the brain decreases.
If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. What change in blood pressure causes this symptom?
Blood pressure drops because end diastolic volume drops.
In what part of blood do you find most oxygen?
C
When does the left ventricle contain the least blood? (If two answers are equal, choose both).
C and D
Pilocarpine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (turns on the muscarinic ACh receptor). Pilocarpine would
Decrease depolarization of pacemaker cells in the SA node
Scenario: An athlete begins exercising strenuously with two legs. Of the following, the first change we would see is
Dilation of arterioles supplying exercising muscle
If a blood vessel constricts to half its original diameter, blood flow through that vessel will
Drop to much less than half its original value
If the radius of a blood vessel drops from 2 mm to 1 mm and nothing else changes, blood flow through the vessel would
Drop to much less than half its original value
Many choice: Changing which of the following would change blood pressure?
ESV EDV HR TPR
Which of the following would you see in a patient with diabetes insipidus?
Elevated urine production with dilute urine
The sensor in the feedback loop that causes dilation of blood vessels leading to exercising muscles is in
Endothelial cells in leg muscles
Why is blood clotting considered a positive feedback loop?
Enzymes involved in the clotting process produce products that turn on those same enzymes.
All arteries carry oxygenated blood
False
If a person is often short of breath but can exercise at any intensity while breathing supplemental oxygen, their hematocrit is low.
False
If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it could not be turned on,
Growth hormone would be high
If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always on,
Growth hormone would be low
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would
Increase the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes
If more blood fills the heart prior to contraction, the heart contracts with
Increased force due to more optimal alignment of thick and thin filaments
If the radius of a blood vessel drops from 2 mm to 1 mm, its resistance
Increases to much more than double its original value
For complex endocrine loops to work, blood vessels in the hypothalamus must be
Leakier than blood vessels elsewhere in the brain
Injecting insulin into a type 2 diabetic would have a _______________ than injecting insulin into a type I diabetic
Lesser effect
Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. In this disease, you would expect
Low TRH, but high TSH and Thyroid hormone levels
Systolic blood pressure is closest to
Maximum pressure in the left ventricle
If we begin leg exercise at high intensity, which is the first change?
Metabolite production increases (in the legs)
Sickle-cell anemia is caused by
Mutations in hemoglobin that cause a change in shape and therefor function
Changing only cardiac function, is it possible to increase blood flow to one organ while decreasing it to another?
No
Consider a mother with type B blood carrying a fetus with type A blood. Would fetal blood carry antibodies against the A antigen?
No
Do blood cells from a fetus normally mix with maternal blood?
No
Many choice: If atrial cells did not fire an action potential, there would be no ______________ on the ECG.
P wave
If we open potassium channels in a neuron,
Potassium rushes out of the cell causing the cell to become more negative
Blood question: In an unfortunate chainsaw accident, pretend I barely nicked a blood vessel. Despite losing blood, a checkup in the hospital proved I did not need surgery and would heal on my own. Which of the following was the fastest of my body's responses?
Stimulation of the blood clotting cascade
The main function of elastic tissue in arteries is to
Store pressure generated by the heart
Hypothetical situation: If a patient had a tumor that secreted thyroid hormone, you would expect
TRH and TSH to be low
If there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active,
TRH levels would be low
In Graves' disease,
TSH levels are low
Heart rate increases in response to a drop in blood pressure. The sensor in this feedback loop is in the
The carotid bodies and aortic arch
When examining a patient, a physician notices left ventricular hypertrophy (increased muscle mass in the left ventricle). She determines the condition is due to continually creating excess pressure within the ventricle. However, she also magically determines that blood pressure is never too high. You would suspect
a narrow aortic valve
A primary effect of glucagon is to
elevate blood sugar
A primary effect of thyroid hormone is to
elevate metabolism
Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high. Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. Where is the sensor in this simple endocrine loop?
fat cells
Many choice: Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. Symptoms of the patient suffering from this disease would likely include
feeling hot weight loss
A neurotransmitter binding its receptor will cause a _______________ in the postsynaptic cell.
graded potential
How would dehydration affect hematocrit?
hematocrit would be high
Bilirubin is formed as a breakdown product of
hemoglobin
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, TSH levels are normally
high
Imaginary hormone receptor: Imagine a human had a mutated hormone receptor that was located in the adrenal cortex but was turned on by binding to Insulin. When the receptor is turned on, it causes release of hormones that regulate stress. All other components of the endocrine system respond normally. This person would have
high blood sugar
You notice that a population of people is particularly susceptible to COVID infection and has worse health outcomes. The cause of the problem is identified as elevated stress with no other contributing factor. Cortisol and ACTH levels are high. CRH release from the hypothalamus would be
higher than normal
An individual adapted to high altitude would have a
higher than normal hematocrit
Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high and urine is dilute. Treating with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to the bloodstream does not treat the disorder. You would suspect a disruption at the level of the
hypothalamus
The sensor and control center for ADH is located in the
hypothalamus
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the
hypothalamus
During exercise that involves only flexing your index finger using only a few muscle fibers, metabolism in the exercising muscle fibers would
increase
During exercise that is limited to curling your index finger using only a few muscle fibers, blood flow to the exercising muscle fibers would
increase
If more blood fills the left ventricle prior to a heartbeat, stroke volume will
increase
When scared, the amount of calcium released in cardiac muscle cells per action potential would
increase
Atropine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (blocks the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptor). Treating with atropine would
increase heart rate
When scared, pressure generated by the left ventricle would
increased
Scenario: exercising strenuously with two legs. After we re-establish homeostasis during exercise, blood pressure has increased. In this state, blood flow to exercising muscles has ______________ and to the kidneys has _____________.
increased; decreased
Many choice: Which of the following would increase blood flow to the kidney?
increasing end diastolic volume
Compared with neurotransmitters released in the brain, effects of a hormone
last longer
At the peak of systole, pressure is highest in the
left ventricle
The highest pressure in the heart is generated in the
left ventricle
Which of the following would experience the highest pressure (at any point during the cardiac cycle)?
left ventricle
The blood of an anemic person would carry
less oxygen than normal
Compared with skeletal muscle, the action potential in a cardiac muscle cell is
longer
Calcitonin
lowers blood calcium
The blood of a person with a high hematocrit would carry
more oxygen than normal
Many choice: Disrupting the structure of leg bones would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?
moving the legs
If humans have no control over the movement of uranium, is it possible to maintain uranium homeostasis?
no
Which of the following are absolutely necessary for the heart to contract?
none of the above
Ralph has a resting heart rate of 60 beats per minute, an end diastolic volume of 100 mL, and an end systolic volume of 40 mL. What is his stroke volume?
not answer: 3600 mL
In an ECG, when is ventricular volume greatest?
not answer: at the end of the p-wave
In the feedback loop that maintains appropriate red blood cell production, the sensor responds most directly to
not answer: changes in blood osmolarity or changes in plasma volume
After bleeding, which of the following disruptions of homeostasis would most directly stimulate production of red blood cells?
not answer: decrease blood plasma proteins
Most iron in the blood is located
not answer: in platelets
Many choice: If ventricular cells did not fire an action potential, there would be no ______________ on the ECG.
not answer: p wave
If there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active,
not answer: patient would be hotter than normal and gain weight
In the heart, electrical signals travel most quickly
not answer: through the AV node
Which of the following cells spontaneously depolarize the fastest?
not answer: ventricular cardiomyocytes
If we measure arterial blood pressure in an individual doing finger exercise with a small number of muscle fibers, it would
not change very much
The ACTH receptor is located in the
adrenal cortex
Beta blockers selectively block beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. These medications would
answer: -Decrease the rate of depolarization of pacemaker cells in the SA node -decrease cardiac output not answer: -increase calcium release in cardiomyocytes
How do beta-1 adrenergic receptors increase cardiac output?
answer: by increasing HR (heart rate) -be decreasing ESV
How do beta-1 adrenergic receptors increase cardiac output?
answer: by increasing the rate of depolarization of pacemaker cells in the SA node not answer: by decreasing calcium release in cardiomyocytes
A new steroid hormone is found to be secreted by the ovary. You would look for receptors for the hormone in the (choose every location you know the hormone to travel):
answer: cytoplasm of target cells and one more -nucleoplasm of target cells
Atropine (blocks muscarinic ACh receptors)
answer: increases HR not answer: decreases the rate of depolarization of pacemaker cells in the SA node
What stops the clotting process?
anticoagulants in our blood
Which of the following has the most elastic tissue?
aorta
When the ventricles are ejecting blood, pressure is lowest in the
atria
In an ECG, the P wave depicts
atrial depolarization
A new hormone is discovered and its receptor is found to be intracellular. The hormone diffuses through the cell's plasma membrane when no transport proteins are present. When bound to hormone, the receptor travels to the nucleus to alter gene transcription. The hormone is most likely a
steroid
In which of the following is pressure the highest?
the aorta
Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high. Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. Where must there be leptin receptors?
the hypothalamus
Which of the following would experience the lowest pressure (at any time)?
the left ventricle
If blood flow to one organ increases and to another decreases, which of the following *must* change?
vessel diameter
Which of the following statements is true?
The events in chart 1 cause the events in chart 2.
Hematocrit is defined as
The percentage of whole blood composed of red blood cells.
If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always on,
The person would be large
Blood flow through vessels with atherosclerotic plaques is reduced because
The plaques increase vascular resistance.
If arterial blood pressure remains constant, but blood flow to the penis increases to twice its previous value, then
The radius of arterioles in the penis increased, but probably only by a little (say, 15%)
If electrical signals from the atria do not reach the ventricle
The rate of ventricular contraction will slow
Cancer cells continue to grow and divide when it is inappropriate. If you were told that mutated growth hormone receptors play a role in cancer growth, you would expect the altered shape of the receptor to most closely resemble
The receptor when bound to growth hormone
A person will pass out if there is insufficient blood flow to the brain. Imagine a soldier forced to stand at attention for long periods of time. Why might the soldier pass out?
The skeletal muscle pump does not generate enough pressure to return blood from the legs to the heart.
Pressure in arteries is always higher than in veins
True
Which of the following is a true statement about diabetes mellitus?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise.
If blood flow to the right arm is greater than flow to the left arm, we know that
Vascular resistance is higher on the left side of the body
In an ECG, the QRS complex shows
Ventricular depolarization
In what part of blood do you find most hormones?
A-plasma
If a patient's blood pressure is reported as 150/90, their mean arterial pressure (MAP) is
110 mm Hg
How many molecules of oxygen are carried in a functional hemoglobin molecule?
4
A patient has an end diastolic volume of 100 mL, an end systolic volume of 40 mL, and a heart rate of 100 bpm. What is her cardiac output?
6 liters/min
Spontaneous depolarization: If cells in the SA node were to spontaneously depolarize at 60 beats per minute, cells in the AV node at 70 beats per minute, and cells in the bundle of His at 65 beats per minute, pulse at the wrist would be
70 bpm
In an individual with blood pressure of 110/80, mean arterial pressure would be
90 mm Hg
In what part of blood do you find most sodium?
A
Many choice: In what part of blood do you find cell fragments or molecules involved in blood clotting (choose every correct answer)?
A and B
An individual with type A+ blood has which of the following antigens on their red blood cells?
A and Rh
After bleeding, heart rate increases to restore cardiac output. This is necessary because
A drop in EDV would decrease stroke volume, requiring a greater heart rate to restore cardiac output.
Which of the following is an example of a system at equilibrium?
A system in which the temperature equals environmental temperature.
An individual with type A+ blood can receive which of the following blood types?
A+ A- O+
Which of the following processes releases energy?
Allowing two different spaces to become more similar
Which is the correct order of events in cardiac muscle?
An electrical stimulus causes contraction which causes blood to move
An individual with type B+ blood has which of the following antibodies in their blood?
Anti-A
An individual with type A+ blood has which of the following antibodies in their blood?
Anti-B
During diastole, pressure is highest in the
Aorta
Many choice: In what part of blood do you find cells that defend against infection?
B
An individual with type B+ blood has which of the following antigens on their red blood cells?
B and Rh
When does the left ventricle contain the most blood? (If two answers are equal, choose both).
B and one more
If sympathetic stimulation increases, is it possible for an artery to dilate?
Yes
If all nerves supplying the heart were cut, the heart would
Continue to beat, but at a faster than resting rate
Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the spinal cord would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?
Controlling muscle contraction in the legs
Those experiencing chronic stress would display symptoms most similar to those with
Cushing's disease
Are there structural changes within the body of humans suffering from diabetes mellitus?
Yes
Can a mother with type A blood safely carry a fetus with type B blood?
Yes
You have discovered a new hormone called "Alexone." Alexone stimulates release of another hormone called "Patone" from the liver. Patone increases the release of fatty acids into the bloodstream. Given what you know about complex endocrine loops, would you suspect Patone receptors in the anterior pituitary gland?
Yes
This type of membrane potential increases in magnitude as the stimulus increases.
a graded membrane potential
Compared with patients experiencing diabetes mellitus, the urine of patients with diabetes insipidus is
dilute
If blood pressure increases and nothing else changes
blood flow to the kidney increases
What is the first change in blood pressure after beginning exercise?
blood pressure decreases
In the feedback loop that maintains appropriate red blood cell production, the effector is located in the
bone marrow
Blood question: Lipids traveling in our bloodstream are
carried by plasma proteins
A chemical message released from the posterior pituitary gland will affect
cells in distant parts of the body
Feedback loops involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target organs are
complex
Many choice: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the negative feedback loop controlling blood glucose is disrupted. Which of the following components are attacked by the immune system?
control center sensor
Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high (i.e. we store more fat). Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. When leptin levels rise, you would expect appetite to
decrease
Pilocarpine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (turns on the muscarinic ACh receptor). Pilocarpine would
decrease heart rate
Presume that during exercise blood pressure increased from 110/80 to 170/80. Cardiac output increased from 5 L/min to 25 L/min. In this case, TPR
decreased
Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high and urine is dilute. Treating with ADH (antidiuretic hormone) corrects the condition. You would suspect a disruption at the level of the
posterior pituitary gland
This question refers to the pathway of a red blood cell through the circulatory system. The structure encountered after passing through the pulmonary semilunar valve would be the
pulmonary trunk
This question refers to the pathway of a red blood cell through the circulatory system. The structure encountered after passing through the Right AV valve is the
right ventricle
