KIN 272 Practice Exam 1

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

You have discovered a new hormone called "Alexone." Alexone stimulates release of another hormone called "Patone" from the liver. Patone increases the release of fatty acids into the bloodstream. Which of the following would likely affect the release of Patone?

-A releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus -blood lipid levels -blood patina concentration

When is pressure in the aorta greater than in the left ventricle? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer)

-Between A and B -Between C and D -Between D and the next A

Many choice: When we mobilize the venous reserve, which of the following increase?

-EDV -Stroke volume

Many choice: When we mobilize the venous reserve, which of the following increase?

-EDV -stroke volume

The process of blood clotting involves a positive feedback loop, but the result helps maintain homeostasis. Which of the following are dependent on the process of blood clotting? (Choose every correct answer, even if the effect is indirect.)

-Maintenance of tissue CO2 concentration -Maintenance of blood volume. -Maintenance of tissue oxygen concentration -Maintenance of body temperature.

Which of the following are functions of blood?

-Protection against infection -Maintaining the composition of the interstitial fluid -Maintaining pH -Transport -Maintaining body temperature

Many choice: In a resting neuron

-a concentration gradient pushes potassium out of a cell -an electrical gradient pushes potassium into a cell

Many choice: In order for ADH to be released, there must be osmoreceptors (sense changes in osmolarity) in the

-answer: hypothalamus -not answer: posterior pituitary gland

Many choice: Which of the following are true?

-arteries always carry blood away from the heart

Many choice: Assuming a cyclist has achieved homeostasis despite the high intensity, which of the following have increased?

-blood pressure -cardiac output

Many choice: Effectors in the feedback loop that increase blood pressure during exercise include

-cardiac muscle tissue -cells in the cardiac conduction system -smooth muscle in the arterioles

Achetylcholine

-decrease HR not answer: -increases the rate of depolarization pacemaker cells in the SA node

Many choice: If the vagus nerve were stimulated, which effects would you see on the ECG?

-each p wave would be spaced further from the next -each QRS complex would be spaced further from the next -each t wave would be spaced further from the next

Many choice: Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. Symptoms of the patient suffering from this disease would likely include

-feeling hot -weight loss

You have discovered a new hormone called "Alexone." Alexone is released from the anterior pituitary gland. Receptors for Alexone are located in the adrenal cortex and liver. Alexone could affect (choose everything that could be affected, whether the effects are direct or indirect).

-fluid balance -blood glucose -an immune response -growth and development -stress levels

Many choice: Which of the following generate pressure that moves blood towards the heart?

-leg muscles -muscles in the chest wall -the heart

Imaginary hormone receptor: Imagine a human had a mutated hormone receptor that was located in the adrenal cortex but was turned on by binding to Insulin. When the receptor is turned on, it causes release of hormones that regulate stress. All other components of the endocrine system respond normally. This person would have (choose every correct answer)

-low ACTH -low CRH -high cortisol

Many choice: When bound to hormone, endocrine receptors may be located in which of the following areas?

-nucleus -cytoplasm -cell membrane

Many choice, choose 2: Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. After an evening of drinking,

-plasma volume would be low -plasma osmolarity would be high

Many choice: Which of the following might result from endocrine receptor signaling?

-release of other molecules (exocytosis) -opening ion channels -increased production of ATP

Many choice: Components of negative feedback loops include

-sensors -control centers -effectors

Many choice: Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high. Adding ADH to the bloodstream does not treat the disorder. There must be a disruption at the level of the

-the ADH receptor

An individual with type B+ blood can receive which of the following blood types?

B+, B-, O+

If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. How does the body respond to correct the situation?

Baroreceptors detect a sudden drop in blood pressure and increase sympathetic nervous system activity.

Which of the following is a sensor in the feedback loop that causes increased blood pressure during exercise?

Baroreceptors in the carotid body and aortic arch

When stimulated by parasympathetic nerves, pacemaker cells in the heart

Become more permeable to potassium

During which period(s) are all heart valves closed? (Refer to chart 2)

Between A and B Between C and D

During which period(s) is the pulmonary semilunar valve open? (Refer to chart 2)

Between B and C

When is pressure in the left atrium greater than in the left ventricle? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer)

Between D and the next A

When is the left AV valve open? (Refer to chart 2, choose every correct answer)

Between D and the next A

In an ECG, blood is flowing from the atria to the ventricles

Between the P wave and just after the beginning of the QRS complex

The major function of iron in blood is to

Bind to oxygen as a component of hemoglobin

If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. What change in blood flow to the brain causes this symptom?

Blood flow to the brain decreases.

If you suddenly get out of bed, you might feel dizzy because gravity pulls blood away from the heart. What change in blood pressure causes this symptom?

Blood pressure drops because end diastolic volume drops.

In what part of blood do you find most oxygen?

C

When does the left ventricle contain the least blood? (If two answers are equal, choose both).

C and D

Pilocarpine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (turns on the muscarinic ACh receptor). Pilocarpine would

Decrease depolarization of pacemaker cells in the SA node

Scenario: An athlete begins exercising strenuously with two legs. Of the following, the first change we would see is

Dilation of arterioles supplying exercising muscle

If a blood vessel constricts to half its original diameter, blood flow through that vessel will

Drop to much less than half its original value

If the radius of a blood vessel drops from 2 mm to 1 mm and nothing else changes, blood flow through the vessel would

Drop to much less than half its original value

Many choice: Changing which of the following would change blood pressure?

ESV EDV HR TPR

Which of the following would you see in a patient with diabetes insipidus?

Elevated urine production with dilute urine

The sensor in the feedback loop that causes dilation of blood vessels leading to exercising muscles is in

Endothelial cells in leg muscles

Why is blood clotting considered a positive feedback loop?

Enzymes involved in the clotting process produce products that turn on those same enzymes.

All arteries carry oxygenated blood

False

If a person is often short of breath but can exercise at any intensity while breathing supplemental oxygen, their hematocrit is low.

False

If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it could not be turned on,

Growth hormone would be high

If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always on,

Growth hormone would be low

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would

Increase the amount of calcium released in cardiomyocytes

If more blood fills the heart prior to contraction, the heart contracts with

Increased force due to more optimal alignment of thick and thin filaments

If the radius of a blood vessel drops from 2 mm to 1 mm, its resistance

Increases to much more than double its original value

For complex endocrine loops to work, blood vessels in the hypothalamus must be

Leakier than blood vessels elsewhere in the brain

Injecting insulin into a type 2 diabetic would have a _______________ than injecting insulin into a type I diabetic

Lesser effect

Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. In this disease, you would expect

Low TRH, but high TSH and Thyroid hormone levels

Systolic blood pressure is closest to

Maximum pressure in the left ventricle

If we begin leg exercise at high intensity, which is the first change?

Metabolite production increases (in the legs)

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by

Mutations in hemoglobin that cause a change in shape and therefor function

Changing only cardiac function, is it possible to increase blood flow to one organ while decreasing it to another?

No

Consider a mother with type B blood carrying a fetus with type A blood. Would fetal blood carry antibodies against the A antigen?

No

Do blood cells from a fetus normally mix with maternal blood?

No

Many choice: If atrial cells did not fire an action potential, there would be no ______________ on the ECG.

P wave

If we open potassium channels in a neuron,

Potassium rushes out of the cell causing the cell to become more negative

Blood question: In an unfortunate chainsaw accident, pretend I barely nicked a blood vessel. Despite losing blood, a checkup in the hospital proved I did not need surgery and would heal on my own. Which of the following was the fastest of my body's responses?

Stimulation of the blood clotting cascade

The main function of elastic tissue in arteries is to

Store pressure generated by the heart

Hypothetical situation: If a patient had a tumor that secreted thyroid hormone, you would expect

TRH and TSH to be low

If there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active,

TRH levels would be low

In Graves' disease,

TSH levels are low

Heart rate increases in response to a drop in blood pressure. The sensor in this feedback loop is in the

The carotid bodies and aortic arch

When examining a patient, a physician notices left ventricular hypertrophy (increased muscle mass in the left ventricle). She determines the condition is due to continually creating excess pressure within the ventricle. However, she also magically determines that blood pressure is never too high. You would suspect

a narrow aortic valve

A primary effect of glucagon is to

elevate blood sugar

A primary effect of thyroid hormone is to

elevate metabolism

Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high. Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. Where is the sensor in this simple endocrine loop?

fat cells

Many choice: Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. Symptoms of the patient suffering from this disease would likely include

feeling hot weight loss

A neurotransmitter binding its receptor will cause a _______________ in the postsynaptic cell.

graded potential

How would dehydration affect hematocrit?

hematocrit would be high

Bilirubin is formed as a breakdown product of

hemoglobin

In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, TSH levels are normally

high

Imaginary hormone receptor: Imagine a human had a mutated hormone receptor that was located in the adrenal cortex but was turned on by binding to Insulin. When the receptor is turned on, it causes release of hormones that regulate stress. All other components of the endocrine system respond normally. This person would have

high blood sugar

You notice that a population of people is particularly susceptible to COVID infection and has worse health outcomes. The cause of the problem is identified as elevated stress with no other contributing factor. Cortisol and ACTH levels are high. CRH release from the hypothalamus would be

higher than normal

An individual adapted to high altitude would have a

higher than normal hematocrit

Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high and urine is dilute. Treating with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to the bloodstream does not treat the disorder. You would suspect a disruption at the level of the

hypothalamus

The sensor and control center for ADH is located in the

hypothalamus

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the

hypothalamus

During exercise that involves only flexing your index finger using only a few muscle fibers, metabolism in the exercising muscle fibers would

increase

During exercise that is limited to curling your index finger using only a few muscle fibers, blood flow to the exercising muscle fibers would

increase

If more blood fills the left ventricle prior to a heartbeat, stroke volume will

increase

When scared, the amount of calcium released in cardiac muscle cells per action potential would

increase

Atropine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (blocks the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptor). Treating with atropine would

increase heart rate

When scared, pressure generated by the left ventricle would

increased

Scenario: exercising strenuously with two legs. After we re-establish homeostasis during exercise, blood pressure has increased. In this state, blood flow to exercising muscles has ______________ and to the kidneys has _____________.

increased; decreased

Many choice: Which of the following would increase blood flow to the kidney?

increasing end diastolic volume

Compared with neurotransmitters released in the brain, effects of a hormone

last longer

At the peak of systole, pressure is highest in the

left ventricle

The highest pressure in the heart is generated in the

left ventricle

Which of the following would experience the highest pressure (at any point during the cardiac cycle)?

left ventricle

The blood of an anemic person would carry

less oxygen than normal

Compared with skeletal muscle, the action potential in a cardiac muscle cell is

longer

Calcitonin

lowers blood calcium

The blood of a person with a high hematocrit would carry

more oxygen than normal

Many choice: Disrupting the structure of leg bones would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?

moving the legs

If humans have no control over the movement of uranium, is it possible to maintain uranium homeostasis?

no

Which of the following are absolutely necessary for the heart to contract?

none of the above

Ralph has a resting heart rate of 60 beats per minute, an end diastolic volume of 100 mL, and an end systolic volume of 40 mL. What is his stroke volume?

not answer: 3600 mL

In an ECG, when is ventricular volume greatest?

not answer: at the end of the p-wave

In the feedback loop that maintains appropriate red blood cell production, the sensor responds most directly to

not answer: changes in blood osmolarity or changes in plasma volume

After bleeding, which of the following disruptions of homeostasis would most directly stimulate production of red blood cells?

not answer: decrease blood plasma proteins

Most iron in the blood is located

not answer: in platelets

Many choice: If ventricular cells did not fire an action potential, there would be no ______________ on the ECG.

not answer: p wave

If there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active,

not answer: patient would be hotter than normal and gain weight

In the heart, electrical signals travel most quickly

not answer: through the AV node

Which of the following cells spontaneously depolarize the fastest?

not answer: ventricular cardiomyocytes

If we measure arterial blood pressure in an individual doing finger exercise with a small number of muscle fibers, it would

not change very much

The ACTH receptor is located in the

adrenal cortex

Beta blockers selectively block beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. These medications would

answer: -Decrease the rate of depolarization of pacemaker cells in the SA node -decrease cardiac output not answer: -increase calcium release in cardiomyocytes

How do beta-1 adrenergic receptors increase cardiac output?

answer: by increasing HR (heart rate) -be decreasing ESV

How do beta-1 adrenergic receptors increase cardiac output?

answer: by increasing the rate of depolarization of pacemaker cells in the SA node not answer: by decreasing calcium release in cardiomyocytes

A new steroid hormone is found to be secreted by the ovary. You would look for receptors for the hormone in the (choose every location you know the hormone to travel):

answer: cytoplasm of target cells and one more -nucleoplasm of target cells

Atropine (blocks muscarinic ACh receptors)

answer: increases HR not answer: decreases the rate of depolarization of pacemaker cells in the SA node

What stops the clotting process?

anticoagulants in our blood

Which of the following has the most elastic tissue?

aorta

When the ventricles are ejecting blood, pressure is lowest in the

atria

In an ECG, the P wave depicts

atrial depolarization

A new hormone is discovered and its receptor is found to be intracellular. The hormone diffuses through the cell's plasma membrane when no transport proteins are present. When bound to hormone, the receptor travels to the nucleus to alter gene transcription. The hormone is most likely a

steroid

In which of the following is pressure the highest?

the aorta

Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high. Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. Where must there be leptin receptors?

the hypothalamus

Which of the following would experience the lowest pressure (at any time)?

the left ventricle

If blood flow to one organ increases and to another decreases, which of the following *must* change?

vessel diameter

Which of the following statements is true?

The events in chart 1 cause the events in chart 2.

Hematocrit is defined as

The percentage of whole blood composed of red blood cells.

If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always on,

The person would be large

Blood flow through vessels with atherosclerotic plaques is reduced because

The plaques increase vascular resistance.

If arterial blood pressure remains constant, but blood flow to the penis increases to twice its previous value, then

The radius of arterioles in the penis increased, but probably only by a little (say, 15%)

If electrical signals from the atria do not reach the ventricle

The rate of ventricular contraction will slow

Cancer cells continue to grow and divide when it is inappropriate. If you were told that mutated growth hormone receptors play a role in cancer growth, you would expect the altered shape of the receptor to most closely resemble

The receptor when bound to growth hormone

A person will pass out if there is insufficient blood flow to the brain. Imagine a soldier forced to stand at attention for long periods of time. Why might the soldier pass out?

The skeletal muscle pump does not generate enough pressure to return blood from the legs to the heart.

Pressure in arteries is always higher than in veins

True

Which of the following is a true statement about diabetes mellitus?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise.

If blood flow to the right arm is greater than flow to the left arm, we know that

Vascular resistance is higher on the left side of the body

In an ECG, the QRS complex shows

Ventricular depolarization

In what part of blood do you find most hormones?

A-plasma

If a patient's blood pressure is reported as 150/90, their mean arterial pressure (MAP) is

110 mm Hg

How many molecules of oxygen are carried in a functional hemoglobin molecule?

4

A patient has an end diastolic volume of 100 mL, an end systolic volume of 40 mL, and a heart rate of 100 bpm. What is her cardiac output?

6 liters/min

Spontaneous depolarization: If cells in the SA node were to spontaneously depolarize at 60 beats per minute, cells in the AV node at 70 beats per minute, and cells in the bundle of His at 65 beats per minute, pulse at the wrist would be

70 bpm

In an individual with blood pressure of 110/80, mean arterial pressure would be

90 mm Hg

In what part of blood do you find most sodium?

A

Many choice: In what part of blood do you find cell fragments or molecules involved in blood clotting (choose every correct answer)?

A and B

An individual with type A+ blood has which of the following antigens on their red blood cells?

A and Rh

After bleeding, heart rate increases to restore cardiac output. This is necessary because

A drop in EDV would decrease stroke volume, requiring a greater heart rate to restore cardiac output.

Which of the following is an example of a system at equilibrium?

A system in which the temperature equals environmental temperature.

An individual with type A+ blood can receive which of the following blood types?

A+ A- O+

Which of the following processes releases energy?

Allowing two different spaces to become more similar

Which is the correct order of events in cardiac muscle?

An electrical stimulus causes contraction which causes blood to move

An individual with type B+ blood has which of the following antibodies in their blood?

Anti-A

An individual with type A+ blood has which of the following antibodies in their blood?

Anti-B

During diastole, pressure is highest in the

Aorta

Many choice: In what part of blood do you find cells that defend against infection?

B

An individual with type B+ blood has which of the following antigens on their red blood cells?

B and Rh

When does the left ventricle contain the most blood? (If two answers are equal, choose both).

B and one more

If sympathetic stimulation increases, is it possible for an artery to dilate?

Yes

If all nerves supplying the heart were cut, the heart would

Continue to beat, but at a faster than resting rate

Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the spinal cord would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?

Controlling muscle contraction in the legs

Those experiencing chronic stress would display symptoms most similar to those with

Cushing's disease

Are there structural changes within the body of humans suffering from diabetes mellitus?

Yes

Can a mother with type A blood safely carry a fetus with type B blood?

Yes

You have discovered a new hormone called "Alexone." Alexone stimulates release of another hormone called "Patone" from the liver. Patone increases the release of fatty acids into the bloodstream. Given what you know about complex endocrine loops, would you suspect Patone receptors in the anterior pituitary gland?

Yes

This type of membrane potential increases in magnitude as the stimulus increases.

a graded membrane potential

Compared with patients experiencing diabetes mellitus, the urine of patients with diabetes insipidus is

dilute

If blood pressure increases and nothing else changes

blood flow to the kidney increases

What is the first change in blood pressure after beginning exercise?

blood pressure decreases

In the feedback loop that maintains appropriate red blood cell production, the effector is located in the

bone marrow

Blood question: Lipids traveling in our bloodstream are

carried by plasma proteins

A chemical message released from the posterior pituitary gland will affect

cells in distant parts of the body

Feedback loops involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target organs are

complex

Many choice: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the negative feedback loop controlling blood glucose is disrupted. Which of the following components are attacked by the immune system?

control center sensor

Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high (i.e. we store more fat). Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. When leptin levels rise, you would expect appetite to

decrease

Pilocarpine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (turns on the muscarinic ACh receptor). Pilocarpine would

decrease heart rate

Presume that during exercise blood pressure increased from 110/80 to 170/80. Cardiac output increased from 5 L/min to 25 L/min. In this case, TPR

decreased

Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high and urine is dilute. Treating with ADH (antidiuretic hormone) corrects the condition. You would suspect a disruption at the level of the

posterior pituitary gland

This question refers to the pathway of a red blood cell through the circulatory system. The structure encountered after passing through the pulmonary semilunar valve would be the

pulmonary trunk

This question refers to the pathway of a red blood cell through the circulatory system. The structure encountered after passing through the Right AV valve is the

right ventricle


Related study sets

Pember Chp 8 Invasion of Privacy: Publication of Private Information & False Light

View Set

Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

View Set

Module 24: Urinary System Practice Questions

View Set

Verbs (main verbs, action verbs - physical v. mental, helping verbs, verb phrases, linking verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs)

View Set

Gatsby Quote ID (Who is Being Talked About)

View Set

Chapter 6 Physical Geography Exam 2

View Set

McConnell - Microeconomics Chapter 4 & 5 (Market Challenges & The Role of Government)

View Set