Module 24: Urinary System Practice Questions

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

net filtration would decrease because osmotic pressure opposes filtration, increasing osmotic pressure would decrease net filtration.

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

peritubular

What vessel wraps around or follows most of the nephron

peritubular capillary

Excretion becomes a problem when proteins are broken down because of the:

presence of nitrogen atoms, which can be toxic in certain forms

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

protein Large proteins are not normally filtered by a healthy glomerular membrane.

Under normal conditions, ATP is required for glucose molecules to pass from:

proximal tubule to peritubular capillaries

X-ray image of the urinary system is called a

pyelogram

The reabsorption of sodium leads to the:

reabsorption of water *increases osmotic pressure

Reabsorption by active transport in the kidney:

requires energy and is limited by saturation of carriers

The movement of substances out of the peritubular capillaries and into the filtrate in the renal tubules is called:

secretion

Regarding kidney function, in _________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid

secretion @ renal cortex of the proximal and distal tubules

The urethra:

serves as a passageway carrying urine from the bladder and serves both a urinary and reproductive function in males

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce a) a larger volume of urine. b) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. c) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. d) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. e) urine with less glucose.

b) ADH cause aquaporins to appear on the plasma membranes of DCT and collecting duct to increase water reabsorption into the peritubular fluid (interstitial fluid outside surrounding nephrons and particular capillaries).

What delivers blood to the glomerulus?

afferent arteriole

The renal clearance of glucose under normal conditions is zero. This means that:

all the glucose which normally enters the filtrate is reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries *glucose is an essential nutrient for metabolic processes

Glycosuria is:

an excess of glucose in the urine

Which of the tubules is impermeable to water?

ascending limb of the nephron loop

Which substance under normal conditions can be found in blood in the afferent arteriole, but not in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule?

blood proteins

What means inflammation of the urinary bladder?

cystitis

What is composed of skeletal muscle

external urethral sphincter *circled structure internal urethral sphincter (involuntary smooth muscle)

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

fibrous capsule

With reference to regulation of potassium levels by the kidney, potassium may be:

filtered, reabsorbed, and/or secreted

The glomerular filtration rate:

is dependent on blood pressure in the glomeruli

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion by the posterior pituitary:

is increased by increasing the osmolarity of the blood

What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule?

isotonic - 300 mOsm; F. proximal convoluted tubule Yes, the osmolarity of the filtrate would be about 300 mOsm because both solutes and water are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. As particles are reabsorbed, water follows osmotically.

Which of the following acts as a trigger for the initiation of micturition?

stretching of the bladder wall as it fills with urine

Of the substances filtered from the blood, the one returned to the blood in the greatest volume is:

water

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

True or False: Secretion of hydrogen ions into the renal tubule helps regulate the acidity of body fluids.

true

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

urea

Processes involving urine formation would be completed if urine is in the:

ureter

What is the name of the tube that leads directly into the bladder is the:

ureter

Urine enters the urinary bladder through what?

ureteric orifices

The inability to urinate is termed

urinary retention

What is true about aldosterone and its effect on the kidneys (3)

1. Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. 2. Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels. 3. Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption. *Aldosterone increases the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the basolateral membrane of the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

What is true of kidney stones?

1. They may become too large to pass through the ureter. 2. They are known as urinary calculi. 3. They can be made of both calcium oxalate and uric acid.

Which of the following is NOT true of glomerular filtration? 1. It is an active transport process. 2. It may be measured by inulin clearance. 3. GFR will increase as capillary hydrostatic pressure rises. 4. The volume of fluid filtered is seldom equal to the volume of urine formeD.

1. filtration is a nonspecific process

What substances is not normally found in filtrate?

1. water and small solutes 2. ions, such as sodium and 3. potassiumnitrogenous waste particles, such as urea *Both blood cells and large particles, such as proteins, are not allowed to filter through a healthy glomerular membrane.

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

Which of the following is normally found in greater concentration in the urine than in the plasma? 1. protein 2. creatinine 3. glucose 4. salts

2. creatinine

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

25mm Hg 60 - (25 + 10) = 25 mm Hg. The two pressures that oppose filtration must be subtracted from the force favoring filtration.

One would expect to see an increased volume of urine formation following: 1. a rise in ADH secretion 2. a fall in plasma volume 3. severe sweating 4. consumption of an alcoholic beverage

4.

During severe exertion in a hot environment an adult may lose 4 liters of sweat per hour. This would result in: 1. decreased plasma volume 2. increased circulating levels of ADH 3. increased circulating levels of aldosterone 4. all of the above

4. The body will prevent water and salt reabsorption by secreting ADH and aldosterone. Perspiration from hot environment, decreases the amount of water in blood, which would decrease blood/plasma volume.

Matching: ADH catheterization incontinence micturition nephron 1. normal voiding of urine 2. contains both tubules and blood capillaries 3. used to drain urine from the bladder 4. causes renal tubules to become more permeable to water 5. involuntary discharge of urine

4., 3., 5., 1., 2.

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99%

Drinking 2 quarts of pure water will produce changes?

A decrease in the solute concentration of body fluids and a decrease in ADH secretion

In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?

ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) Yes, ADH would be high, causing a large percentage of the water to be reabsorbed. Therefore, the urine flow rate would be low.

In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?

ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine) Yes, in overhydration, ADH would be very low and the cells of the collecting duct would be relatively impermeable to water and urea. Thus, the final urine would be dilute, having an osmolarity of about 100 mOsm.

What two structures are part of a renal corpuscle

C. glomerular capsule D. glomerulus

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

C. peritubular *B. afferent arteriole A. efferent arteriole

The ________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine.

Juxtamedullary

What is countercurrent multiplication?

Process by which a progressively increasing osmotic gradient is formed in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla as a result of fluids moving in opposite directions: Tubular fluid in the descending limb flows toward the renal pelvis, whereas the tubular fluid in the ascending limb flows toward the renal cortex. 1. The ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions-> 2. increases osmotic concentration of peritubular fluid around the descending limb, which is permeable to water. *Osmosis moves water to peritubular fluid. 3. Collecting duct has variable permeability to water; controlled by hormones (ADH). *ECF=extracellular fluid/peritubular fluid

The proximal and distal tubules are the locations for:

Reabsorption and secretion. Both contained within the renal cortex

Compare the minor and major calyces.

The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces.

Peritubular capillaries:

The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney FXN reabsorb water and solutes secreted by proximal and distal tubules *Afferent delivers blood to glomerulus Efferent carries blood from glomerulus to per tubular capillaries

True or false: The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by altering hydrogen ion secretion.

True

True or false? The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

True

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

Which of the following is an immediately life-threatening condition, but, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible? a) Acute renal failure b) Chronic renal failure c) Kidney stones d) Prostate enlargement

a)

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

a) the overlying peritoneum. b) contact with adjacent visceral organs. c) supporting connective tissues.

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the a) kidney. b) urinary bladder. c) rectum. d) ureter. e) urethra. Question 12

c)

An example of a diuretic is:

caffeine

Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?

chronic renal failure

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop? a) relies on countercurrent multiplication b) creates high NaCl concentration in the renal medulla c) enables production of hypertonic urine d) All of the answers are correct. Question 14

d)

Dialysis involves substances moving through a dialysis membrane by the process of:

diffusion

A collecting duct carries urine from:

distal tubule to a calyx

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are a) located in a position that is retroperitoneal. b) surrounded by a fibrous capsule. c) located partly within the pelvic cavity. d) held in place by the renal fascia. e) covered by peritoneum.

e)

The nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons have an important function that other parts of the nephron do not share. What is this function?

establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla Keeps nephron hypertonic to plasma (having higher osmotic pressure). Essential to water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

For glucose molecules to pass from proximal tubule to peritubular capillary, which of the following must already have occurred?

glomerular filtration

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, controlled by BP of blood

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) *Capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular osmotic pressure opposes filtration

Where is the trigone located?

in the region in the floor of the bladder

At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtrate highest?

in the transition point between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop

A child has a problem with bed wetting (incontinence). The problem involves:

inability to control the external urethral sphincter; D. *C. internal urethral sphincter; composed of smooth muscle-involuntary contraction

The action of diuretics on the kidney:

includes the blocking of active transport to reabsorb sodium *Diuretics is a TX for high blood pressure. By preventing sodium from entering the peritubular fluid, a osmotic gradient is not created, so water remains in the tubular fluid.

where is filtration slits located

renal corpuscle

Which structure filters blood

renal corpuscle Blood pressure pushes fluid out of the glomerulus (called the glomerular hydrostatic pressure) and into the glomerulus capsule. The initial filtrate is similar to plasma, lacking only the large plasma proteins. The rest of the nephron and collecting system will carry out reabsorption and secretion to adjust the volume and content of the filtrate.

What is the outer area of the kidney called?

renal cortex

Term used to describe the inability of the kidney to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis

renal failure

Ducts inside what drains directly into a minor calyx

renal papillae

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis

the term micturition refers to

the process of urine expulsion OR voiding of urine

Which structure of the kidney functions to reabsorb nutrients from the filtrate?

the proximal convoluted tubule FXN reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients; most reabsorption occurs here 1. Renal corpuscle, glomerulus contained in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule FXN production of filtrate 2. Nephron loop (AKA Loop of Henle): In medulla A. Descending thin limb (DTL) FXN reabsorption of water B. Think ascending limb (TAL)-think, ascending tube FXN resorption of Na+ and Cl- 3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) FXN secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins; some reabsorption of water and solutes 4. Collecting Tubule FXN reabsorption of water; reabsorption or secretion of ions (Na+, K+, H+, HCO-)

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

tip of the medullary pyramid

The primary function of the detrusor muscle is

to contract during urination to push the urine out of the bladder and into the urethra.