Kin 332 Midterm

Know the differences between the 3 social theories discussed in class: Functionalist, Conflict, & Critical—what does each theory emphasize or focus on? (Ch. 1 and 2)

Functionalist: maintenance of status quo and equilibrium. Sport is valuable social institution that helps build character and instill values. Conflict: Sees economic interests as shaping the world. Those with power exploit and the repressed classes struggle. Sports benefit those (individuals and organizations) in power. They are detriment to participants and working class. Critical: Order is obtained through struggles over ideology and power. Sports don't only mirror society; it can provide opportunities to change society. Talks about whites vs blacks and women vs men.

How does socioeconomic status affect sport participation? (Ch. 3 Participants vs Spectators)

High income, strong education, and high status can arrange their schedule as needed and can afford cost of club membership, travel, and equipment/clothing. Middle income groups tend to focus on sports with public accessibility at modest cost and are school/community sponsored. People who struggle to make a living tend to have little time or money for sport/recreation. Individual and Olympic sports often require financial sacrifice to fund an athlete's development. Team sports are often offered in public schools with little cost to participants. Financially feasible for many families.

Does Islamic religion prohibit sport participation? If so, how? (Ch. 16 Religion & Sport)

Islamic religion does not prohibit sport participation (men or women). Certain groups have banned women's participation. Conservative Islamic countries have ignored or limited women in sports. Women have been largely excluded from sport participation due to restrictions on their attire.

How do athletes use religion to enhance their sporting activity? (Ch. 16 Religion & Sport)

Justify commitment to high performance. To handle pressure and uncertainty. To enhance bonds with teammates. To guide moral decisions.

What kind of spending power do older adults have in comparison to their younger counterparts? (Ch. 15 Special Populations in Sport)

Much greater spending power than the youth which has caused a swell in fitness gear catered to the elderly, and health clubs are comprised 25% of adults

Can one be Muslim, female, and an athlete? If yes, how might her participation vary in comparison to non-religious females in the US, or in comparison to Muslim male athletes? (Ch. 16 Religion & Sport)

One can be Muslim, female, and athlete. The attire of Muslim women becomes a huge factor when compared to non religious females or Muslim male athletes. Not only must their bodies be covered (such as swimming), they must wear hijabs at all times.

Compare and contrast the Paralympics to the Special Olympics. (Ch. 15 Special Populations in Sport)

Paralympics: involves athletes that compete with physical or mental impairments that substantially limit one or more of the person's major life activities (physically impaired athletes) Special Olympics: involves athletes that compete while having intellectual disability, cognitive delay, or significant learning or vocational challenges due to cognitive factors that require specially designed instruction (mentally impaired athletes). Participation over winning.

What are the current participation rates/trends for older adults in the US? (Ch. 15 Special Populations in Sport)

Physical Activity levels are declining amongst individuals in 55+ and 65+ age groups Adults prefer outdoor activities over team sports

Be able to differentiate between play, games, sport, and work. (Ch. 1 and 2)

Play: physical activity of childhood. Play is free activity (exploration, self-expression, dreaming, and pretending). It has no firm rules. Games: an aspect of play that possesses greater structure and is competitive. Clear participation goals and are governed by informal or formal rules. Sport: specialized or higher order of play and kind of game with certain characteristics that set it apart. Has four components: 1) physical component, 2) competition, 3) institutionalized game, and 4) Specialized facilities. Work: purposeful activity that includes physical or mental effort (or both) in order to perform a task, overcome obstacle, or achieve desired outcome. Individuals earn their living through work.

What's the most popular spectator sport in US? (Ch. 3 Participants vs Spectators)

Professional and College Football are the most popular spectator sport in the US.

Discuss the pros/cons of adult-organized sport; pros/cons of athlete-organized sport (Ch. 6 Youth Sport)

Pros/Cons adult: pro; reinforce pos. actions and establish child intrinsic values. cons; overbearing adults and pressure. Pros/Cons athlete: pro; emphasis on fun, equality, socialization. Cons; hurt feelings

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? (Ch. 1 and 2)

Qualitative research: interviews and observations of individuals or groups. Can also be analysis of societal characteristics and trends. Quantitative: facts and figures that can be counted and analyzed statistically.

What are some of the barriers to good sporting behavior? (Ch. 11 Sporting Behavior)

Role models exhibiting poor sporting behavior and the media coverage we give poor sports behavior rather than praising the good sports behavior Emphasis on winning by parents, coaches, and traditions/customs Lack of necessary understanding for advanced moral reasoning

Since Title IX was passed in 1972, how have participation rates changed for girls and boys? (Ch. 8 Interscholastic and Intercollegiate Sport)

Since Title IX, participation rates for girls and boys have been on the rise. Contrary to popular belief, participation in males has not decreased as a result of Title IX was signed into law.

Differentiate between social character and moral character and know how they relate to athletes and non-athletes. (Ch. 11 Sporting Behavior)

Social character: Teamwork, loyalty, work ethic, and perseverance (Highest scores: Team; Mid: Indiv spt; Lower scores: Non-athletes) Moral character: Honesty, fairness, integrity, and responsibility (Highest scores: Non-athletes; Mid: Indiv spts; Lowest: Team

What is sport sociology and what do sport sociologists do? (Ch. 1 and 2)

Sports sociology: study of sport and physical activity in the context of the social conditions and culture in which people live. Sports sociologists: Dr. Harry Edwards used the super bowl for his doctoral dissertation.

What are the tools researchers use to conduct research (e.g., surveys, content analysis, interviews, etc.)? (Ch. 1 and 2)

Survey: questions, but limited Interviews: could lead to other data points Content research: taking data that's been out there Ethnography: research out in the field; hands on Historical research: history books compared to now Societal analysis: using societal theories and applying to setting

How has Christianity influenced sport in the US (past and present)? (Ch. 16 Religion & Sport)

The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) became a powerful force in providing organized sport for youth while espousing a broader purpose of developing their minds and spirits. YMCA's contributed to the invention of both basketball (Canadian James Naismith) and volleyball (William Morgan).

According to the textbook, what happens to athletes' moral development over time? (Ch. 11 Sporting Behavior)

The longer an athlete plays, the lower their morals tend to be

What was the relationship between religion and sport for Ancient Greeks? (Ch. 16 Religion & Sport)

They held the Olympic Games and athletic contests to honor Zeus, the king of their gods. The ancient Greeks would use demonstrations of athletic prowess as a major part of their religious festivals.

Bonus Question

Tim Tebow Video: Jesus pep-talk in locker room

What factors contributed to the growth of youth sport in the late 20th century? (Ch. 6 Youth Sport)

Title IX Increase of mothers who work outside the home Increase of child abductions and sexual predators Sports provide safe haven from drugs and crime

Does sport build character? (Ch. 11 Sporting Behavior)

Values can be learned in sport socialization depending on the sport type, performance level, and position

Does sport participation influence whether or not a person watches sport? Alternatively, does being a spectator of sport influence one's participation rates? (Ch. 3 Participants vs Spectators)

Yes; participants are more likely to watch the sport they play. Spectators are more likely to participate in sport that they watch.

What are some of the differences between girls and boys regarding honesty and fair play in sport? (Ch. 11 Sporting Behavior)

females are more committed to honesty and fair play except female athletes in basketball and softball male football, baseball, and basketball athletes are more inclined to have bad behavior

Since 1990, what participation trends have occurred in traditional youth sports like football, basketball, and baseball? How about participation in extreme sports? -- Why have participation rates in certain sports increased while other sports decreased? (Ch. 6 Youth Sport)

football is down in participation due to it's danger and cost, but still the most participated in amongst HS athletes basketball has seen the most growth in participation due to its accessibility and little expense baseball is also on the decline due to its slow pace theses sports are on a 30% decline extreme sports is on the rise by 600%

What sports were Jewish men dominating in the US during the 1920s-40s? (Ch. 16 Religion & Sport)

1920-30s: American Boxing (Benny Leonard and Barney Ross). 1940s: Basketball: Ossie Schectman (NY Knicks). Baseball (Hank Greenberg; Detriot Tigers)

What are obesity rates among American youth? (Ch. 6 Youth Sport)

6-11 yo. 7% in 1980; increase to 18% in 2012 12-19 yo. 5%; increase to 21% Overweight rates (2-19) Hispanic/latinos- 39% Black youth- 35% White- 29%

(On average, how much time do American kids spend watching TV, playing video games or using a computer each day? (Ch. 6 Youth Sport)

7.5 hours

What is the ADA and how has it impacted sport participation for people with disabilities? (Ch. 15 Special Populations in Sport)

ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act (1990; signed George H.W. Bush) The ADA laid down groundwork for society that affirms the equality of people with a disability. It is also a clear and comprehensive national mandate to eliminate discrimination against individuals with a disability. Standards are clear, strong, and enforceable.

What are current trends in sport participation among various groups in the US (e.g., youth, college students, older adults, etc.)? (Ch. 3 Participants vs Spectators)

inactivity for youth ages 6 to 17 is at highest physical activity has seen an increase in college students 18 to 24 yrs and adults older than 35

List at least 5 reasons kids seem to drop out of youth sports (Ch. 6 Youth Sport)

Bad experiences Pressure from coaches and parents Lack of motivation Change in interests Health problems Burnout Focus on school Social life Less stress

What is the textbook's definition of sport in the US? (Ch. 1 and 2)

institutionalize competitive activity that involves physical skills and specialized facilities/equipment. Also conducted under accepted set of rules in order to determine winner.

What are the benefits of interscholastic and intercollegiate sport participation? o What are some negative effects? o How does socioeconomic status effect participation in high school sport? (Ch. 8 Interscholastic and Intercollegiate Sport)

Benefits: Higher GPAs, fewer behavioral problems, better attendance, dramatically lower dropout rates. Less likely to do drugs and alcohol. Negative effects: Character development research is not clear, statistics omit students who cannot play due to low grades, participation raises tendency to binge drink, emphasis is on athletics rather than academics, girls struggle with identity conflict between traditional values and new opportunities. Socioeconomic status: Schools implement fee system that reinforces elitism and decreases participation rates ($100-1000 per season). Households <$60,000: 34% currently participate and 19% decreased participation due to cost. Households >$60,000: 5% decrease in participation and 51% currently participate. Better facilities and resources in higher socioeconomic areas. Athletes often come from more privileged backgrounds, giving them a head star.

How do groups or organizations use sport to promote religion? (Ch. 16 Religion & Sport)

By promoting sport and using famous athletes to deliver their message, religious leaders and groups have gained the attention of young men and women. Fellowship of Christian Athletes (1954) Athletes in Action: Live biblically with sports and Christianity Pro Athletes Outreach National Christian College Athlete Association

What is the effect of early specialization? (Ch. 6 Youth Sport)

Counterproductive Issues with repetition Leads to dropping out (burnout)

How does sport participation in high school or college relate to men and women in executive business positions today? (Ch. 8 Interscholastic and Intercollegiate Sport)

Development of leadership skills: survey of Executives in Fortune 500 companies indicated that 95% had participated in HS sports. Female executives also demonstrated a high level of involvement of sports ranging from primary to college and even the professional level.

In terms of the number of participants, what is by far the most popular sport for boys at the high school level? (based upon the 2013-2014 NFSHSA report discussed in class and in the textbook) (Ch. 8 Interscholastic and Intercollegiate Sport)

Football