Kin Exam 2
Identify the issues that arise when athletes move from one country to another. (Check all that apply.)
Issues related to the rights of athletes as workers Issues related to the personal adjustments made by migrating athletes Issues related to the national identities of athletes and fans
When teams from smaller nations that compete in the Olympics, World Cups, and international championships win against teams from wealthy and powerful nations, it is cause for _____.
Political affirmation
In nations where mass media are controlled primarily by the state, the primary goals of media are to _____.
Influence cultural values and social organization and provide a public service
Coaches often define dedication in terms of focusing exclusively on _____,
improving sport performance and winning competitions
disabled
is a person with an impairment that is determined by an influential person or official agency to cause significant functional limitations
Individualism
salvation is a matter of induvial responsibility, initiative, and choice, and people control their spiritual destiny by accepting a personal relationship with god/Christ
Life Chances
similar odds for achieving economic success and power in society.
Athletes who most effectively maintain a balance between their academic and athletic commitments have _____.
social networks that support academic identities
The _____ model of conceptualizing disability that was introduced and advocated by Mike Oliver, a disability studies scholar, identifies the experience of being disabled as a product of social oppression rather than a result of personal defect requiring a medical "fix."
social
White men and economic elites in the united states support the idea that____.
the current level of economic inequality is good for the country
True or False: Elusion and inclusion can occur formally or informally
true
The legal status of athletes in individual sports largely depends on _____.
what the athletes must do to train and qualify for competitions
Dominant Class Ideology
A belief in the American Dream A belief that the united states is a meritocracy
Impairment
A physical, sensory or intellectual condition that potentially limits a person's full participation in certain social or physical environments
Believing that the United States is a meritocracy helps people _____.
Explain and justify economic inequalities
Which of the following are the consequences of the growth in television rights fees? (Check all that apply.)
It increases the attractiveness of sports as sites for national and global advertising. It makes commercial sports more profitable for promoters and team owners
Print Media
Newspaper, magazines, fanzines, book, catalogues, event programs, and trading cards
Electronic Media
Radio, TV, Film
Power is a process, and it is always exercised through _____.
Relationships and current forms of social organization
Goal Directedness
Spiritual salvation and the moral worth of human action depend on achievement and success
Over time, athlete migration may cause such a depletion of talent in a country that the infrastructure for a particular sport is destroyed and local people are forced to follow the sport as it is played in the country that has taken all their best talent. This form of "_____" has a significant impact on countries in Africa and Latin America, where athletes seek contracts in Europe and North America.
Sport talent Drain
In the context of making sense of political realities, which of the following should be examined by research on sports worldwide? (Check all that apply.)
The processes through which powerful nations exert control over sports in other nations. The processes through which people in less powerful nations integrate sports into their lives on their own terms.
Rationalization
The truth is discovered through human reason, and virture is expressed through efficiency and measurable achievements
Class Relations
The ways that social class is incorporated into the organization of our everyday lives
Which of the following do people expect when they stay home to watch a televised game rather than go to the stadium even though they normally pay for their ticket at the gate? (Check all that apply.)
There will be violent or uncivil behavior on the part of other fans There will be bad weather
Lockout
These are staged by athletes
Strikes
These are staged by team owners
Entry Barriers
These barriers came into being when sports were first desegregated in the United States.
Reserve System
a form of employee restriction in sports, refers to a set of practices that enabled team owners to reserve the labor of athletes for themselves and control the movement of athletes from team to team in their sport.
Authority
a form of power that comes with a recognized and legitimate status or office in a government an organization, or an established set of relationships.
American Dream
a hopeful vision of boundless opportunities for individuals to succeed economically and live a happy life based on consumption
In meritocracies where people are frequently compared and ranked in terms of abilities, qualifications, and recognized achievements, _____ is common.
ableist ideology
Power
an ability to influence people and achieve goals, even in the face of opposition from others
Abelism
an evaluative perspective in which the label of disability marks a person as inferior and incapable of full participation in mainstream activities.
many people mistakenly believe that sports and sport participation _____.
are open to all and are unaffected by economic inequalities
Religions
are socially shared belief systems comprised of the words, symbols, metaphors, myths, and rituals that people use to think about their relationship with the supernatural realm and communicate their thoughts to others.
Social Class
categories of people who share economic position in society based on their income, wealth (savings and assets) education, occupation and social connections.
According to sociologists Eric Dunning and Norbert Elias, sports provide activities in which rules and norms can be shaped to foster emotional arousal and exciting actions, thereby _____.
eliminating boredom without disrupting social order
Recreational sports serving large numbers of people are less able to give precise statements of their goals and the political significance of their programs. This means that sports for all usually
have lower priority for funding and support
When governments fund sports and sports facilities to boost the profile of a city or nation, they often become caught in a cycle where _____.
increased funding is regularly required to compete with other cities and nations doing the same thing with bigger budgets or newer facilities
Media coverage of sports in the United States emphasizes success through _____.
individual effort, competition, teamwork, aggression, and effective game plans
Ableist Ideology
interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to identify people as physically or intellectually disabled, to justify treating them as inferior, and to organize social worlds and physical spaces without taking them into account
Many sports organizations are notorious for their _____.
lack of transparency and accountability
Chen is an elementary school teacher whose wife Hayden is a professional basketball player at the minor league level. Compared to Chen, Hayden is most likely to have _____
lesser financial stability and security
Studying Islam and sports is a challenge because Muslims, like many Buddhists and Hindus, _____.
make few distinctions between the secular and the sacred
From a sociological perspective, processes of exclusion and inclusion always involve _____.
power relations
handicapped
means being held back, weighed down, and marked as inferior due to perceived physical or intellectual impairments
The stated role of people working in academic support programs is to help athletes succeed in their academic work. However, the fact that _____ raises questions about their real goals.
they are administered by and located in athletic departments
Social Stratification
structured forms of economic inequalities that are part of the organization of everyday social life.
Worldly Ascetism
suffering and the endurance of pain has sprituial purpose
A program in which all students in the United States play the same sports across multiple generations ignores educational theory and fails to recognize _____.
the changing and diverse sport interests that exist in a culture that prizes individuality and innovation
Identify a reason why it is difficult to make academic support programs a key part of big-time athletic departments.
Big-time college sports are tied to many interests unrelated to education.
Identify the factors that are attributed to the dramatic increase in salaries at the top level of pro sports since 1980.
Changes in the legal status and rights of players, which have led to free agency Increased revenues through the sale of media rights flowing to leagues and owners
Retention Barriers
Choice, These barriers replaced the declining prevalent barriers between 1960 and the late 1970s and existed through the early 1990s. These barriers replaced the declining prevalent barriers between 1960 and the late 1970s and existed through the early 1990s.
The content of commercial media seldom focuses on _____.
Civic values and community
Which of the following do changes in commercialized spectator sports include? (Check all that apply.)
Heightening attachment to players and teams Balancing competition Increasing scoring Speeding up the action
Identify a true statement about the World Masters Games.
It is a multi-sport event for competitors over thirty-five years old.
the _____ are ignored in the media and popular discourse.
Oppressive effects of poverty
Sports talk radio jockeys
They structure analysis and "call-in" interactivity into their program format.
In the context of religions and sports as cultural practices, which of the following do social constructionists do when they study religions and sports? (Check all that apply.)
They study the social consequences of combining religious beliefs with sports participation in specific social worlds. They study gender ideology in relation to religion, the body, and sports.
Lemonade Inc., a beverage company, is one of the sponsors of a major sport event that is being aired on live television. Which of the following types of advertising would help prevent viewers from escaping exposure to the advertisements of Lemonade Inc.?
Digital ads on the surfaces of stadiums where the event is held
The Present
Duplication of the home-viewing experience at live events by stadium managers
The Past
Duplication of the live-event experience on television by media companies
Which of the following theories are generally used by social constructionists to guide their work in connection with religions and sports? (Check all that apply.)
Interactionist theories Cultural theories
Religions
They always bring a divinity or the supernatural into the sense-making process and connect meaning and understanding to a sacred realm that transcends the here-and-now material world.
Owner of Major League Team
They are often large corporations or very wealthy individuals who make good to excellent returns on their investment and have almost guaranteed financial success.
Identify the similarities between religions and ideologies.
They are used to explain the meaning of objects, events, and experiences. They are used to guide choices and actions.
In light of the evidence of research on the impact of television on active sport participation, it appears that a positive link between watching and doing sports may exist among children only when _____.
parents or educators strategically connect media representations with everyday sport participation
How women view sports and populaitry
part of a larger project of achievement that involves academic accomplishments
Political decisions made by sports organizations are contentious because people do not know how or why they were made.
True
Socially accepted ideas and beliefs about age and ability are related to sports participation. This is partly because the body is central to one's sense of self and social identity
True
Identify the features of sumo that show that sumo has its ties to Shinto ritual and ceremony. (Check all that apply.)
Wrestlers take great care to preserve the purity of the dohyō. Religious symbols are integrated into the design of sumo rings.
Due to the influence of social class on sports, sport participation, the development of sport skills, and rewards for sport performance will increasingly go to _____.
people in households with above-average income and wealth
Research findings on the effects of playing school sports are confusing because most researchers assume that _____.
playing on a school team has the same meaning in all contexts for all athletes in all sports
In the context of government involvement in sports, safeguarding the public order involves _____.
policing sport events where safety may be threatened by crowds or unruly individuals
Politics occur at all levels of social life, and because governments make decisions that affect people's lives, they are _____ by definition.
political organizations
Recreational sports serving large numbers of people are less organized, less likely to have powerful supporters, and less able to give precise statements of their goals and the _____.
political significance of their program
Active sport participation, attendance at events, and consumption of media sports are _____.
positively correlated with a person's income, education, and occupational status
In the context of the difficulty in reforming big-time college sports, instead of focusing on high-profile sports as educational programs, academic administrators generally use them as _____.
public relations and fund-raising tools
Team owners and university athletic departments are so conscious of tensions between athletes and media personnel that they now provide players with _____.
training on how to not say things during interviews that might be misinterpreted
Sports content in new media is being increasingly consumed by many people, which is replacing _____.
traditional content
Entry Barriers faced by African Americans
African American athletes were not recruited unless they had exceptional skills and exemplary personal characteristics.
Many black athletes feel isolated on campuses where there are few black students, faculty, and administrators. Identify the factors that intensify this feeling of isolation. (Check all that apply.)
Athletes must devote so much time to their sports that it is difficult for them to become involved in other spheres of campus life. Campus activities often fail to represent the interests and experiences of black students, who consequently often feel like outsiders. When it comes to high
What are the similarities between sports and religions? (Check all that apply.
Both have events to celebrate and reaffirm shared values. Both have occasions that inspire emotions and existential thoughts. Both involve disciplined quests for perfection in mind, body, and spirit. Both have rituals before, during, and after major events.
Identify the similarities between sports and religions. (Check all that apply.)
Both have special sites for events and communal gatherings. Both have structured organizations and a clear hierarchy of authority.
How do commercial sports organizations become exporters of culture as well as products to be consumed? (Check all that apply.)
By marketing themselves outside their home countries By using strategies to develop identification with their sport, teams, and players
Football Bowl Subdivision
Choice, It consists of 130 universities that have big-time football teams; each institution is allotted eighty-five full scholarships for football players.
_______have recently become a form of global cultural trade that is exported and imported in a manner similar to other products.
Commercial Sports
Newly Developed Sports
Commercialization has a great influence on the internal structure and goals of these sports.
long-established sports
Commercialization has less influence on the internal structure and goals of these sports.
"The State"
Concept that includes the formal ins
Retention Barriers
Contracts for experienced African American players were not renewed unless the players had significantly better performance records than white players at the same career stage.
What is the goal of the social model of conceptualizing and understanding disability introduced by Mike Oliver?
Cultural Transformation
In the context of the Protestant ethic and the spirit of sports, Protestant beliefs have supported the idea that individual competitive success _____.
Demonstrates a person's moral worth
Increaed Rights Fees
Deregulation of tv Industry Growing demand to watch certain spectator sports Increased connectivity with satellite and cable worldwide Sponsors willing to pay top prices for access to live sports audiences because commercials are seen by people rather than being skipped over in recorded programs The growth of ESPN and other cable channels that collect money from cable and satellite companies as well as commercial sponsors, which gives them two sources of income.
Researchers argue that images that combine local traditions, sport action, and consumer products in seamless media representations _____ local cultures by representing local symbols and lifestyles in connection with consumer products that, by themselves, have nothing to do with those cultures.
Detraditionalize
Which of the following have been the result of recent media coverage of concussions, serious injuries, permanent sport-related physical and cognitive impairments, athletes in major men's sports coming out as gay, and athletes supporting gay marriage? (Check all that apply.)
Discussions of safer sports, athlete health, and acceptance of difference A more representative media narrative about masculinity sport
Organized, competitive video games played according to agreed-upon rules by individuals and teams are known as
Esports
People who assume that the universe is governed by unchanging laws and that meaning and truth are inherent in nature are referred to as _____.
Essentialists
Dominant sport forms in any culture tend to reproduce cultural values and the social structures supported by those values. Which of the following are the implications of this statement? (Check all that apply.)
Ethnic minorities often must adopt the orientations of the dominant social class if they want to be promoted in sport organizations. The orientations and experiences of ethnic minorities are seldom represented in the culture of sport organizations.
When middle-income and working-class people participate in sports that involve the use of expensive equipment or clothing, participation occurs in connection with various forms of _____.
Financial sacrifice
Member institutions of the National Collegiate Athletic Association are divided into _____, reflecting program size, level of competition, and the rules that govern sport programs.
Five Major Categories
Government
Formal organizations with the power to make and enforce rules in a particular territory or collection of people
Identity the various fund-raising strategies used by various high schools in the face of budget shortfalls. (Check all that apply.)
Fostering booster clubs Collecting sport participation fees Seeking corporate sponsorship
The process through which financial capital, products, knowledge, worldviews, and cultural practices flow through political borders and influence people's lives is known as _____.
Globalization
A factor that has not been studied in the context of the processes that contribute to differences between athletes and other students is the control that parents, teachers, and coaches have over the lives of athletes on school teams. In this context, identify the standard procedures in the lives of athletes when their season is ongoing. (Check all that apply.)
Grade checks Class attendance Homework checks Study halls
Meritocratic Ideal
Idea success is always based on skill and hard work
The ideas and beliefs commonly used to give meaning to the world and make sense of experiences are known as
Ideologies
Class Ideology
Interrelated ideas and beliefs that people use to understand economic inequalities, identify their class position, and evaluate the impact of economic inequalities on the organization of social worlds
Non-football subdivison
It consist of 98 universities that do not have football teams but have big-time basketball and/or other big-time sports.
Football Championship Subdivison
It consists of 126 universities that have football programs and are allotted only sixty-three scholarships that can be awarded to or split between no more than eighty-five students.
Identify the true statements about religious fundamentalism. (Check all that apply.)
It emphasizes that the reorganization of people's personal lives requires them to be personally committed to the supernatural source of truth. It emphasizes that the supernatural source of truth reveals answers to all questions through sacred writings and personal revelations.
Which of the following are true about pretending to be color blind in a culture where a skin color-based racial ideology has existed for over three centuries? (Check all that apply.)
It ensures that white privilege is seamlessly incorporated into the media coverage of sports. It allows newspaper editors to never even think of publishing an article about the underrepresentation of ethnic minority athletes in most sports.
Identify the true statements about the Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act that was passed in 2018. (Check all that apply.)
It established the United States Center for Safe Sport to investigate allegations of abuse. It mandates that people working in sports organizations report allegations of abuse to local police or child protection agencies.
In the context of poaching athletes, nearly all countries have a "back door." How does this "back door" help athletes? (Check all that apply.)
It helps them obtain work visas if a professional team wants them to sign to a contract. It enables them to gain citizenship to participate on a national team.
hich of the following statements is true of the Sports Fans Coalition (SFC)?
It tends to use a legal-political approach.
Which of the following statements is true of the World Players Association (WPA)?
It works directly with local athlete organizations.
Identify the true statements about the League of Fans (LOF). (Check all that apply.)
It works to inform the public and policy-makers about issues that negatively impact fans and athletes. It is a think tank focusing on social justice, public policy, and general reform issues.
Producers, editors, program directors, programmers, and website controllers, among others, present audiences with information, interpretation, entertainment, and even opportunities for interactivity to achieve several goals. Identify these goals. (Check all that apply.)
Make financial Profits Influence cultural vales and social organization Provide a public service Enhance personal status and reputation Express themselves creatively or politically
The medical model of disability has remained popular for two reasons. Identify the reasons. (Check all that apply.)
Many people continue to accept ableist ideology and see disability as an individual condition in need of expert diagnosis and treatment. The massive industry that has been built around the medical approach to disability prospers when the primary goal is to fix bodies and minds.
During most of the twentieth century people believed that impairment and disability were the same thing, and this belief was consistent with the _____ approach used to understand physical and intellectual impairments and how to deal with them.
Medical
Identify the findings of the studies conducted by media scholar Walter Gantz (2013) on male-female married couples in the United States. (Check all that apply.)
Men watched sports more than women did and were more likely to be committed sports fans. The couples often watched televised sports together, and this usually was a positive activity in their relationships.
The owners of all the lacrosse teams in the United States formed a group representing their collective interests. This eliminated competitors and made them the only owners of lacrosse teams in the country. Their group is an example of a _____.`
Monopoly
What are the conclusions of independent researchers about the economic impact of stadiums and professional teams on cities? (Check all that apply.)
Much of the money spent on stadiums or arenas does not circulate in the local economy. Public relations generated by stadiums have mixed results for tourism. Stadiums often hurt outlying businesses.
Identify the two national associations with which schools with intercollegiate sports are generally affiliated. (Check all that apply.)
National Collegitate Athletic Association National Association of intercollegitate athleteces
Identify a belief of Buddha and Hinduism that is inconsistent with training to be an elite athlete
Physicality is on transient
Media expert Michael Real had explained in a 1998 study that there was no greater force in the construction of media sport reality than "commercial television and its institutionalized value system." In this context, identify the factors emphasized by this institutionalized value system.
Profit making, sponsorship, expanded markets, commodification and competition
Identify the factors that intensify feelings of social isolation among black athletes on campuses where there are few black students, faculty, and administrators. (Check all that apply.)
Racial and athletic stereotypes make it difficult for black athletes to feel welcome on campus. White students who lack experience in racially diverse groups may feel uncomfortable interacting with black students.
Magic
Recipe-like rituals designed to produce immediate and practical results in the material world
As inescapable as ads on the field are during a sporting event, Connor still wants his enjoyment of the game to be unaffected by the commercial nature of sports. Which of the following strategies can Connor utilize to be able to minimize, but not eliminate, exposure to advertisements while watching the game?
Recording the event and deleting all the commercials from the recording
Superstitions
Regularized, ritualistic actions performed to give a person or group a sense of control and predictability in the face of challenges Regularized, ritualistic actions performed to give a person or group a sense of control and predictability in the face of challenges
What are the differences between sport and religion as identified by essentialists? (Check all that apply.)
Religion emphasizes humility and love, whereas sport emphasizes personal achievement and conquest. The aim of religion is to transcend the material world in the pursuit of eternal life, whereas the aim of sport is to embrace material reality.
Identify a difference between sport and religion as recognized by essentialists.
Religious beliefs and rituals are fundamentally mystical and sacred, whereas sport beliefs and rituals are fundamentally clear-cut and secular.
Which of the following is based on the belief that the secular foundation of modern societies is inherently corrupt and can be redeemed only if people reorganize their personal lives and the entire social order to manifest the absolute and unchanging Truth contained in a sacred text?
Religious fundamentalism
Ageism
Robert Butler first used the term ______ 1969 after being inspired to study how older people were treated in society when his teachers in medical school used rude and sarcastic terms as they talked about older patients and their medical conditions.
How men view sports and popularity
Self-identification focal point in their lives
Participants are likely to grow up wanting to watch elite athletes when organized youth sport programs emphasize _____.
Skills, competition, and success.
The _____ approach used by most sociologists is based on evidence showing that religions and sports have diverse forms and meanings that are understandable only in connection with the social and cultural conditions under which people create and maintain them.
Social Constructionist
Middle-Income/Working-Class Sports Lifestyles
Sports that by tradition are free and open to the public Sports that are sponsored by public funds Sports that are available through public schools
Identify the examples of how media coverage of sport mega-events has added new dimensions to the link between sports and politics. (Check all that apply.)
Television companies have used political controversies to hype games and increase audience ratings. Television companies edit programming to highlight the American flag.
Identify the essentialist view of religion and sport
The essence of religion is grounded in divine inspiration, whereas the essence of sport is grounded in human nature
Which of the following ideas encouraged many Christian organizations to use sports in their efforts to recruit boys and men? (Check all that apply.)
The idea that moral character could be strengthened with physical conditioning The idea that the body had moral significance
In the context of playing school sports, identify the factors that cause variations in the meanings given to sports by athletes. (Check all that apply.)
The identities young people develop as they play sports The ways that young people integrate sports and an athlete identity into their lives The status given to athletes and sports in various contexts
Politics
The processes of organizing social power and making decisions that affect people's lives
Identify the strategies that Christian athletes in power and performance sports could use to reduce doubts about the moral value of what they do in sports (check all that apply)
They could drop out of power and performance sports and seek other sports and activities that fit more closely with their religious beliefs. They could strive to be the best they can be as athletes so they can more effectively use sports as a platform for evangelizing. They could focus on the ascetic aspects of sports and see themselves as enduring pain for God's sake.
What happens to people in societies where aging is associated with inflexibility, being out of touch, resistance to change, having outdated knowledge, and physical and intellectual decline?
They develop negative attitudes about becoming older.
Owner of Minor league team
They don't make much money, and many are happy to break even and avoid the losses that are commonplace at this level of sports ownership.
Ideologies
They focus mostly on secular, here-and-now, material world issues and are neither automatically nor inevitably linked with a supernatural realm or a divinity.
Commentators for visual electronic media
They focus on providing images and narratives that create anticipation and a sense of urgency among their audience.
Which of the following is true of most U.S. media images of active older people?
They portray these people engaging in never-ending consumption of goods, services and a combination of supplements and prescription drugs.
Which of the following statements are true of sports video games? (Check all that apply.)
They provide fans with the illusion of ownership and control in commercial sports. Corporations are increasingly viewing these games as vehicles for developing outposts in the heads of game players.
Sportswriters
They provide specific information and in-depth analysis
Private Investment
This occurs when investors expect financial profits for themselves or their companies.
Public Investment
This occurs when politicians believe that commercial sports serve their personal interests and/or the interest of the people.
Strike
This is a work stoppage in which employees refuse to work until a labor dispute is resolved, and in the case of sports, players agree to sign a new CBA
Strike
This is a work stoppage in which employees refuse to work until a labor dispute is resolved, and in the case of sports, players agree to sign a new CBA.
Lockout
This is an employer-imposed work stoppage that, in the case of professional sports, suspends all games and practices until a dispute over a CBA is resolved and the CBA is revised to the owners' satisfaction.
Whenever people obtain power in a social world, they define "character" in _____.
a way that promotes their interests
What happens when tax revolts and political decisions cause public youth sport programs to disappear?
Well-to-do people buy private sport participation opportunities for their children.
Clustering for athletes
When athletes register in classes involving little work When athletes lack academic confidence and seek support from teammates in the same courses
When is the legal status of athletes in individual sports shaped and controlled by contracts and organizations?
When the athletes need sponsors or agents
In which of the following situations are boys in U.S. culture more likely to make commitments to athletic careers at a young age? (Check all that apply.)
When they perceive limited options for other careers When their family situation is financially insecure
Protestant's Keys
World Asceticism Rationalization Goal Directedness Individualism Achieved Status Work Ethic Time Ethic
Achieved Status
Worldly success is associated with goodness and salvation, whereas failures associated with sin and deamination
Meritocracy
a social world in which rewards go to people who deserve them due to their abilities, qualifications, and recognized achievements
Nations where Mass Media is privately owned
are to make profits and distribute content that promotes the perspectives and interest of people in positions of power and influence.
Unlike white head coaches, African American head coaches in professional and big-time college sports are more likely to be _____.
assessed more critically
In capitalist societies, sports provide people with a vocabulary and real-life examples that are _____.
consistent with dominant political and cultural ideologies
Government officials often find that funding sports and sports facilities to boost the profile of a city or nation is _____.
costly relative to the public benefits created
The goal of the sport-media partnership evident today for all parties involved is to _____.
create a global family of eager consumers
Ableist ideology is based on the assumption that _____, disregarding the fact that no mind or body works perfectly in all situations and at all times.
impairments are abnormalities
In the context of interscholastic sports and the educational and developmental experiences of high school students, qualitative research, often based on a critical approach and guided by combinations of cultural, interactionist, and structural theories, has focused on the connections between _____.
interscholastic sports, the culture and organization of high schools, and the everyday lives of students
In the context of high school sports and popularity, adolescents use different strategies for seeking acceptance, autonomy, sexual identity, and recognition because
males and females in North America are still treated and evaluated differently
Media images and narratives are selected to represent a commercial sport event so that the event _____.
meets the perceived interests of the audience and sponsors
For those who study sports and gender, it is helpful to understand that religious beliefs _____.
often define, in moral terms, expectations related to gender
Cities in the United States fund sport clubs and teams and then use them to _____.
promote themselves as good places to live, work, locate a business, or vacation
When sports were formally organized during the late 1800s and early 1900s, an emerging social psychological theory at that time stressed that _____.
proper physical and character development required young people to participate in organized physical activities
Media Rights contracts
provide sports with predictable, significant, and increasing sources of income; without these, spectator sports seldom generate much profit.
The fact that public investments in sports benefit some people more than others doesn't mean that government policies _____.
reflect only the interest of wealthy and powerful people
Sport promoters and team owners in commercial sports know the value of coverage, so they provide free access to their events to _____.
reporters, commentators, and photographers
People from high-income group participate in sports that _____.
require people to have lives in which they have the control, freedom, and time needed to participate
In the United States, the idea that success can be based on empathy, support for others, sharing resources, autonomy, intrinsic satisfaction, personal growth, compromise, incremental changes, or inclusiveness is _____.
seldom included in media narratives of sports
In the context of sport participation patterns, the lifestyles of low-income people _____.
seldom involve regular sports participation
Identify the processes in school sports that contribute to differences between athletes and other students. (Check all that apply.)
selection-in process-students who participate in official, school sponsored activates tend to be different from other students. The filtering-out process-
Lifestyles of the wealthy people routinely include sports that are _____.
self-funded and played at exclusive clubs and resorts
When media are privately owned and organized to make financial profits,
sports are selected for coverage on the basis of their entertainment and revenue-generating potential.
Based on what is known at this time, it appears that as people age, they prefer modified versions of competitive activities that are organized to emphasize _____.
the pleasure of movement
It is difficult for people in traditional cultures to resist dependency status in international sports when _____.
the rules and other structural characteristics of the sports reflect and privilege powerful nations
Sport scientists and medical practitioners confidently assert the benefits of being physically active, but they do not talk about the frequency of sports injuries and the heavy dependence on health care among older athletes who need medical assistance to continue training and competing. This leads people to believe that if older people do become ill or have a disease, it is due to _____.
their personal choice not to take care of themselves properly.
social mobility
to refer to changes in wealth, education, and occupation over a person's lifetime or from one generation to the next in families.
The long-time marriage of sports and media is clearly held together and strengthened by _____.
vast amounts of money from corporations
Very little publicity is given to the fact that sports provide _____ for African American women.
very few career opportunities
When sports were formally organized during the late 1800s and early 1900s, people with particular physical and intellectual impairments were denied access to sports participation because it was believed that _____.
vigorous activity would overexcite them and be dangerous for them
Media coverage of sports reaffirms dominant racial ideology when _____.
when whiteness is overlooked
In the context of the sports-government connection, laws that safeguard the public order set boundaries for _____.
where, when, and under what circumstances sports may be played
Public Diplomacy
which consists of public expressions of togetherness in the form of cultural exchanges and general communication among officials from various nations.
Americans with Disabilities Act
which was passed and signed into law by President George Bush in 1990, stated that all programs and facilities that are open to everyone must also be open to people with disabilities unless such access creates direct threats to the health and safety of the people involved.
Which of the following are true of athletes who try to maintain a balance between their academic and athletic commitments? (check all that apply)
✓ They have past experiences that consistently reaffirm the importance of education. ✓ They have perceived access to career opportunities following graduation. ✓ They have social relationships and experiences that expand confidence and skills apart from sports.
