KNES 2294 UNCC exam 1

Implied warranty

Manufacturers have a duty of care to design, manufacture, and package safe equipment that will not cause injury to an individual when the equipment is used as intended.

Medical history

Many problems are discovered during this segment of the PPE typically a written form is completed by the individual or sport participant. Answering in a yes/no format

Contusion

Mechanism: compression Signs and symptoms -onset: acute -pain: localized -ecchymosis: if superficial -restrictions in ROM -swelling -asscoiated nerve compression basis of rating of severity: ROM 1st little or no restriction 2nd noticeable reduction 3rd severe restriction can lead to muscle strain

Malfeasance

Occurs when an individual commits an act that is not one's responsibility to perform. For example, if an athletic trainer suspects a neck injury and removes a football helmet, the athletic trainer could be liable.

Proliferative phase

Osteoclasts resorb damaged tissue; osteoblasts deposit new bone callus formation

Maturation phase

(3 weeks-1 year) Remodeling of Fibrous matrix to form mature scar tissue decreased fibroplastic activity increased organization of new tissue decreased water content decreased blood flow resumption of normal cell activity in the area scar tissue is fibrous, inelastic, and nonvascular. less functional and flexible than original tissues

Proliferative phase

(3-42 days ) repair and regeneration of tissues angiogenesis fibroplasia re-epithelialization wound contraction

Ambulatory assistance

- aid an injured individual able to walk manual conveyance individual unable to walk or distance is too great to walk transport by spine board safest method

Goals of the PPE

-determine general health and current immunization status -detect problems that may predispose the individual to future injury/illness -identify risky behaviors that may be corrected through counseling -determine baseline -assess physical maturity -evaluate physical fitness levels -classify individual as to readiness for participation -Recommend appropriate levels of participation with certain conditions. -Meet legal and insurance requirements

BOC performance domains

-injury/illness -clinical evaluation and diagnosis -Immediate and emergency care -Treatment and rehabilitation - Organizational and Professional health and well-being

AROM

-joint motion performed voluntarily by the individual through muscular contraction -perform before PROM -indicates willingness and ability to move the body part -determines possible damage to contractile tissue; measure muscle strength and movement coordination -measurement of all motions, except rotation starts with the body in anatomic position

Peripheral nerve testing

-manual muscle testing -cutaneous sensation testing -special compression tests: such as the tinel sign test.

Examination Format

-the primary care usually performs the PPE. ( more knowledgeable on the patients medical history) -a group station may be used to examine a large group of individuals during a limited span of time. (more time efficient, reduces cost, and allows athletic trainers and area medical specialists to be involved.

NATA code of ehtics

1. Members shall respect the rights, well-fare, and dignity of all individuals 2. Members shall comply with the laws and regulations governing the practice of athletic training. 3. Members shall accept responsibility for the exercise of sound judgement 4. Members shall maintain and promote high standards in the provision of services 5. Members shall not engage in any form of conduct that constitutes a conflict of interest or reflects adversely on the profession.

NATA

1950 Kansas city Missouri Organization that most Athletic trainers join, advocates for the profession. -has played a central role in the evolution of the skills and qualifications of the Athletic Trainer

Emmetropia

20/20 VISION

Certification

A step down from licensure protects your credential has the basic knowledge and skills required in the profession and has passed a state certification exam

Skinfold sites

Abdominal triceps bicep chest medial calf mid axillary subscapular suprailiac thigh

Two potential effects of force

Acceleration Deformation

Agility, balance, and reaction time

Agility is the ability to change directions rapidly when moving at a high rate of speed balance is the body's coordinated response to maintain a defined position. Reaction time is measured by the ability to respond to a stimulus

Frequency of examination

Annual complete physical examination is common. the american academy of family physicians and other national medical groups recommend that an entry level complete examination be performed, followed by a limited annual reevaluation.

Ligamentous and capsular testing

Asses joint function and integrity of joint structures laxity vs. instability test at proper angle

Observation

Asses the state of consciousness and body language that may indicate pain, disability, or other conditions. -note posture, willingness/ ability to move, overall attitude -symmetry and appearance congenital and functional problems gait- limp

Motor function

Assess general motor function rule out injury to other joint -extend, flex, laterally flex, and rotate the neck -bend forward to touch the toes - stand and rotate the trunk to the right and left - bring the palms together above the head and then behind the neck - perform straight leg raises in hip flexion, extension, ad abduction -flex the knees - walk on heels and toes any hesitation by the patient to move a body part or favoring one side over the other should be noted.

Legal liabilities

Athletic trainers and coaches can take several precautionary steps to limit the risk of litigation. These may involve - informing the individual about the inherent risks of participation -foreseeing the potential for injury and correcting the situation before harm occurs -obtaining informed consent from the individual or guardian before participation in the sport/ activity and before any treatment should an injury occur -Using quality products and equipment that do not pose a threat to the individual -maintaining strict confidentiality of all medical records

Compression

Axial load that produces a crushing or squeezing type force

Laboratory tests

Blood test, urinary

Assumption of risk

By signing this form, the individual acknowledges the material risks and that other injuries and even death are a possibility.

Athletic training

Certified AT's are uniquely qualified to provide health care services to athletes and the physically active. - provide clinical diagnosis, not medical diagnosis -Depending on the injury and information given an Athletic trainer may provide care or a referral to a specialist or a doctor -Keeps tabs on athletes for prevention -Rehab

BOC

Credential organization exams all states but texas Have to have 50hrs of continued education every two years of those 50, 10 have to be evidence based practice. -safeguards the public by establishing high standards of health care professionals through a system of certification, adjudications, standards of practice and a continuing competency program

On-site neurologic testing

Critical to prevent a catastrophic injury areas: cutaneous sensation motor function

Osteoarthritis

Degeneration of articular cartilage S&S pain and limited movement No definitive cause; rather, several contributing factors

Synarthrosis

Fibrous joint held together by fibrous tissue can absorb shock but permits little or no movement of the articulating bones. ex. sutures in the skull

Open wound care

Follow universal precautions and infection control standards apply pressure cleanse the wound dress the bandage the wound use of creams or ointments redress and inspect

Failure

Force such a loss of continuity, rupturing soft tissue or fracturing bone.

Cramps and Sprains

Involuntary muscle contraction

Lacerations

Irregular tear

Expressed warranty

Is a written guarantee that the product is safe for use.

Standard of Care

Is measured by what another minimally competent individual educated and practicing in that profession would have done in the same or similar circumstance to protect an individual from harm or further harm. not an expert

General medical exam

Questions that should be asked regarding general medical conditions include 1. Are you currently seeing a doctor for a medical problem 2. Have you ever been diagnosed with a disease or been hospitalized overnight for a disease 3. have you ever been diagnosed with a progressive disease 4. have you ever been hospitalized for a chronic disease or illness 5. have you ever been told you have cancer 6. are you on any medications or allergic to any medications 7. have you ever had surgery 8. Do you tend to bleed excessively 9. Are you missing or have only function of one organ if any of these questions receives a positive response, a plan must be in place to ensure appropriate follow up assessment.

Equipment considerations

Removal of any athletic helmet should be avoided unless individual circumstances dictate otherwise face mask removal should be removed prior to transportation, regardless, of the current respiratory status. helmet removal requires two trained individuals shoulder pad removal. should not be removed unless life is in danger, and the threat outweighs the risk of possible spinal cord injury from moving athlete.

Work settings

Sports Medicine Clinics Secondary Schools College/ Universities Pro sports Industrial Settings Physician Practices- physician extenders other: performing arts, military/basic training

Anatomic make-up joint

Susceptibility from a given direction

Diarthroses

Synovial freely movable joints classified according to their shape- dictates type and range of motion permitted. plane hinge pivot condyloid saddle ball and socket

Clearance for Participation

The Final authority to clear an individual for activity falls outside the scope of a certified athletic trainer. The final authority in measuring an individual's status for participation rests with the physician.

Sports Medicine

The area of health and special services that applies medical and scientific knowledge to prevent, recognize, manage and rehabilitate injuries related to sports, exercise, or recreational activity.

Diagnostic testing

The team physician or medical specialist orders test and interprets the results the athletic trainer should have a basic understanding of the purpose of the tests.

BOC standards of professional practice

This document serves as a tool for informing the public, candidates for certification, and ATC credential holders about the standards of professional conduct and disciplinary procedures imposed for the practice of athletic training.

ATC credential

To earn this credential similar to MD. must complete a CAATE accredited athletic training program and pass the national certification examination administered by the BOC

Liability

To find an individual liable the injured person must prove. 1. There was a duty of care 2.There was a breach of that duty. 3. There was harm. ( pain,suffering, disability, loss of wages.) 4.The resulting harm was a direct cause from that breach of duty.

Electromyography

Used to detect denervated muscles, nerve root compression injuries, and other muscle diseases.

Muscle

Viscoelastic -extensibility- ability to be stretched -elasticity- ability to return to normal length. viscoelasticity allows muscle to stretch to greater lengths over time in response to a sustained tensile force Irritability: ability to respond to stimulus - electrochemical- nerve impulse -mechanical- external blow contractility- ability to develop tension isometric concentric eccentric

Radionuclide scintigraph

a bone scan can detect stress fractures of the long bones and vertebrae, degenerative diseases, infections, or tumors of the bone.

Maturation and growth

a common method of measuring maturation in males and females is the tanner scale. The five stages of this scale are based on the pictorial standards of breast development and pubic hair for females and and of genitalia and pubic hairs for males.

Skin bruises

accumulation of blood within skin

Blisters

accumulation of fluid between epidermis and dermis

Dislocation

aka Subluxation MOI: tension S&S loss of limb function deformity swelling point tenderness problem of re-occurrence due to overstretching of capsule to the extent that it will not return to normal: unstable joint

Refusing help

although the situation is rare, an injured participant may refuse emergency first aid for a variety of reasons, such as religious belief, cultural differences, avoidance of additional pain or discomfort, or the desire to be evaluated and treated by a more qualified individual.

CAATE

an accrediting body- interested in protecting the public -controls education for athletic training -outside organization that is an expert in the field, reviews the area and gives the stamp of approval for required standards -makes sure that the education that you are receiving and paying for is legitimate.

Dermatome

an area of skin supplied by a single nerve root. the sensitivity of this can be assessed by touching a patient with a cotton ball, paper clip, and ask the individual how exactly it felt, soft, dull, sharp, and compare it to the uninjured portion of the body. assess sensation

Superficial reflexes

are reflexes provoked by superficial stroking, usually with a moderately sharp object that doesn't break the skin, this produces a reflex muscle contraction

Keloids

are scars that form at a wound but grow beyond its boundaries. , may note if surgery had occurred

Somatic pain

arises from the skin, ligaments, muscles, bones, and joints, and is the most common type of pain encountered in musculoskeletal injuries

Aponeuroses

attach muscle to other muscles or bone dense connective tissue strong flat, sheet like

Mechanisms of injury

attempt to visualize injury to identify possible injured structures questions to ask -how did the injury occur? what did you do? how did yo do it? -did you fall? if so how did you land -were you struck by an object or another individual? if so in what position was the involved body part, and in what direction was the force -how long has the injury been a problem -do you remember a specific incident that initiated or provoked the current problems have there been recent changes in running surface, shoes, equipment, techniques or conditioning,

Tension

axial force in opposite direction; pulling or stretching of tissues.

On-site observation and inspection

begin en route to individual critical areas: surrounding area body position movement of athlete level of responsiveness primary survey inspection for head trauma inspection of injured body part

Palpation

bilateral palpation of paired anatomic structures can detect eight physical findings -temperature- increase temp: inflamation/infection lower temp: reduction in circulation -swelling: may indicate muscle spasm, hemorrhage, scarring -point tenderness and crepitus: may indicate deformity inflammation when felt over a tendon, bursa, or joint capsule -muscle spasm -cutaneous sensation -pulse- used to rule out damage to a major artery. gentle, circular pressure followed by gradual, deeper pressure, begin away from the injured site and move toward the injury

Cramp

biochemical imbalance, fatigue types clonic- alternating contraction/relaxation tonic- constant

Cancellous bone

bone tissue of low density ( high porosity) inside can tolerate more strain

Ligaments

bone to bone collagen is parallel and interwoven -resists large tensile loads along the long axis of the ligament and smaller loads from other directions collagen and elastin intermixed (more elastic than tendons)

Vasodilation

brings neutrophils and macrophages to clean the area via phagocytosis

RROM

can assess muscle strength and detect injury to the nervous system. break test or entire ROM

History of injury

can be the most important step in the assessment involves not only asking questions, but establishing a professional and comfortable atmosphere information provided is subjective, but should be gathered and recorded as quantitatively as possible document history in writing includes primary complaint mechanism of injury characteristics of symptoms related medical history

Pathological reflexes

can indicate upper motor neuron lesions if bilateral or lower motor neuron lesions if unilateral.

CT scan

can reveal abnormalities in bone, fat, and soft tissue can detect tendon and ligament injuries in varying joint positions.

MRI

can reveal soft tissue differentiation can demonstrate space occupying lesions in the brain can demonstrate joint damage can view blood vessels and blood flow without the use of a contrast medium.

Radiographs

can rule out fractures, infections, and neoplasms

Decerebrate

characterized by extension in all four extremities

Chronic injury

characterized by slow, insidious onset of symptoms, (microtrauma) that culminates in a painful inflammatiry condition.

Decorticate

characterized by the extension of the legs and flexion of the elbows, wrist, and fingers.

Incisions

clean cut

Cardiovascular endurance

commonly called aerobic capacity, is the body's ability to sustain submaximal exercise over an extended period of time the harvard step test is commonly used in the physical fitness profile.

Cortical bone

compact bone tissue of high density outside can withstand greater stress but less strain

Avulsions

complete separation of skin

Maturation phase

continued activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodeling of bone

Articular cartilage

covers ends of long bones cushion and protection, no nerve or blood supply

Hypoesthesia

decreased tactile sensation

DTR's

deep tissue tendon reflexes used to detect damage to the CNS

Disability resulting from injury

determine limitations due to pain, weakness, or disability

Primary survey

determines level of responsiveness identifies immediate life threatening situations dictates necessary actions

Ansiotropic

different strength response to loads from different directions

Deep

diffuse or nagging; with possible stabbing pain; longer lasting injury to bone, internal joint structures, or muscles

Osteochondrosis

disruption of blood supply to epyphysis idiopathic ex. legg-calve-perthes disease

Myositis ossification

ectopic calcification- located in place other than normal bone is deposited within a muscle Usually macrotrauma, but can be microtrauma

Skin

epidermis dermis multi-directional arrangem of collagen

Hyperesthesia

excessive tactile sensation

Foreseeability of harm

exists when danger is apparent or should have been apparent, resulting in an unreasonably unsafe condition. Can be identified during inspections

Confidentiality

extends to all medical records kept within the confines of the athletic training room including -consent to treat form -release of medical information form -emergency information -treatment documentation, including injury report forms , medical referrals, physician evaluations, laboratory reports, surgical reports, and progress notes. -living will -counseling

Negligence

failed to provide the standard of care.

Hypermetropia

farsightedness, light rays are focused at a point behind the retina, making only objects far from the eyes distinguishable.

joint cavity

filled with synovial fluid

Bursa

fluid filled sacs reduce friction common sites- areas of friction

Stress

force divided by the area over which the force acts a given force over a large area vs a small concentrated area can have very different results

Shear

force parallel to a plane passing through the object tends to cause sliding or displacement

Axial

force that acts on the long axis of a structure

Torque

force x momentum produces rotation of body injury potential: bending -tension on one side of object and compression on the other side torsion: twisting an objects longitudinal axis

Acute inflammatory phase

formation of hematoma inflammatory response

Stress fracture

fracture results from repeated loading with lower magnitude forces can become worse over time

On-site palpation

general head to toe assessment determine: abnormal joint angulation bony palpation soft tissue palpation skin temperature

Myotome

group of muscles primarily innervated by a single nerve root. assess muscle contraction (hold at least 5 seconds)

Timing of examination

ideally the PPE is completed at least 6 weeks before the start of the physical activity. this is allows time to evaluate and correct minor problems, also allows sufficient time for an individual with a potential medical problem to be referred to a specialist.

Functional testing

identify the patients ability to move a body part through the ROM actively, passively, and against resistance objectively measure using goniometer age and gender may influence ROM

Legal Defenses

if the threat of litigation exists, many athletic trainers rely on certain conditions to strengthen their case. These include the individuals assumption of risk, good Samaritan laws, and comparative negligence.

Informed consent

implies that an injured party has been reasonably informed of the needed treatment, the possible alternate, and the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action.

Dental exam

important to determine the number of teeth during the time of the last dental examination. this is critical because of the possibility of teeth being knocked out during participation

Edema

increased permeability and pressure within the vessels forces a plasma exudate into the interstitial tissue

Myositis

inflamation of connective tissue

Fasciitis

inflamation of the fascia surrounding portions of a muscle

Tendinitis

inflammation of tendon pain and swelling with tendon movement problems; repeated microtrauma degenerative changes

Bursitis

inflammation of the bursa acute or chronic MOI: compression S&S swelling, pain, loss of function, eventual degeneration

Tenosynovitis

inflammation of the synovial sheath S&S acute rapid onset, crepitus, local swelling Chronic: thickened tendon, nodule formation in sheath

Soft tissue healing

inflammatory phase acute or chronic inflammation possible exudate forms mechanisms for stopping blood flow -local vascoconstriction -platelet reaction -coagulation cascade

Related medical history

information regarding other problems/ conditions potentially affecting injury use of preseason physical exam

Epiphyseal injuries

injury to growth plate could result in alteration in normal growth acute injury types 1-4

Somatic portion

innervates a series of skeletal muscles and provides sensory input from the skin, fascia, muscles and joints.

Zone of Secondary injury

interstitial tissues affected by inflammation, edema, and hypoxia prostaglandins promote further healing and clearing of debris

Gastrointestinal exam

involves evaluating the digestive exam. eating habits and nutrition. during the physical examination the individual should be supine, with the lower ribs exposed to the antersuperior iliac spines the examiner palpates for tenderness, masses, or organomegaly (enlarged organs)

Musculoskeletal exam

is critical to the physically active individual and sport participant questions might include 1. have you ever sprained or dislocated a joint 2. have you had repeated backaches 3. have you strained or pulled a muscle 4. have you ever fractured a bone 5. do you experience any persistent swelling of a joint or body region. 6. have you ever experienced pain in any muscle or joint when you first wake up in the morning. 7. have you ever been awakened at night because of any joint or muscle pain 8. Do you ever have pain during or after activity 9. what special protective equipment do you use regularly

Symptom

is information provided by the injured individual regarding his or her perception of the problem ex. blurred vision,ringing in the ears, dizziness

Ecchymosis

is the superficial discoloration of tissue indicative of injury

Flexibility

is the total range of motion at a joint that occurs pain free in each of the planes of motion several factors can limit the range of motion such as bony block joint adhesions muscle tightness tight skin or an inelastic, dense scar tissue. muscle bulk swelling pain presence of fat or other soft tissues that block normal motion dominant limb more flexible than non-dominant limb race, ( native american more mobile, than African american, and Caucasians) genes flexibility can be measured with a goniomete, flexometer, or tape measure, hypermobile traits must be recorded, these include: -passive opposition of the thumb that can reach the flexor aspect of the forearm. -Passive hyper-extension of the fingers so that they lie parallel with the extensor aspect of the forearms -ability to hyperextend the elbow at least 10 degrees -ability to hyperextend the knee at least 10 degrees -Exessive dorsiflexion of the ankle and eversion of the foot

Syndesmoses

joined by dense fibrous tissue permit extremely limited motion ex. interosseous membrane

Elastic response

load is removed, material returns to its original shape

Plastic response

load is removed, some amount of deformation remains

Anasthesia

loss of sensations

Factors that determine injury

magnitude of force material properties of tissues involved

Strict liability

makes the manufacturer liable for any and all defective or hazardous equipment that unduly threatens an individuals personal safety.

Yield load

maximum load a material can handle without permanent deformation

Failure to warn

may result in litigation if the trainer does not inform potential participants of the risks for injury during participation.

Preseason preparation

meet the representatives from local EMS agencies to discuss, develop, and evaluate plan. -written plan for each activity site -practice the emergency plan

Joint capsule

membrane that encloses a joint; composed primarily of collagen function; holds bone in place inner lining: synovial membrane - exit for waste: entrance for nutrients -secretes synovial fluid

Tendons

muscle to bone dense connective tissue with unidirectional bundles of collagen and some elastin collagen-parallel arrangement helps in resisting high unidirectional loads from the attached muscle two times as strong as muscle it serves yield point 5-8% in length

Myopia

nearsightedness, occurs when the light rays are focused in front of the retina, making only those objects close to the eyes distinguishable

Registration

not much regulation

Parenthesia

numb, tingling, or burning sensation

On-site history

obtained from the individual or bystanders who witnessed the injury relatively brief as compared to a comprehensive clinical evaluation critical areas location of pain presence of abnormal neurological signs mechanism of injury associated sounds history of the injury

Misfeasance

occurs when an individual commits an act that is one's responsibility to perform but either uses the wrong procedure or does the correct procedure in an improper manner. Ex. if an athletic trainer suspects a neck injury and improperly secures the head and neck region to the rigid spine board, the athletic trainer could be held liable. -**mistake

Nonfeasance

occurs when an individual fails to perform the legal duty of care. Ex. IF an athletic trainer suspects, or should have suspected, a neck injury and fails to use a rigid back board to stabilize the individual, the athletic trainer could be liable.

Gross negligence

occurs when an individual has total disregard for the safety of others.

Anthrogram

opaque dye, air, or a combination of the two is injected in the joint space. can detect capsular tissue tears and articular cartilage lesions

Bradykinin

opens the blood vessels walls.; causes pain

Apophysitis

osteochondrosis of apophysis sewers disease osgood shlatter disease

Visceral component

part of the autonomous nervous system

Sign

part of the injury evaluation process is an objective, measurable, physical finding regarding an individuals condition is what the evaluator hears, feels, sees, or smells when assessing the patient.

Vital signs

part of the physical examination the PPE should establish the individuals baseline physiologic parameters and vital statistics, height, weight, and should be compared to standard growth charts, -information such as blood pressure and pulse rate are recorded.

Paresis

partial paralysis indicated by a weakened muscle contraction

Punctures

penetration of the skin and underlying tissue

On-site stress testing

performed prior to any muscle guarding or swelling to prevent obscuring the extent of injury.

Moment arm

perpendicular distance from the force line of action to the axis of rotation

Amphiarthroses

primary held together by hyaline cartilage ex. sternocostal joints, epiphyseal plates can absorb shock, but permits little or no movement secondary held together by fibrocartilage movement of the articulating bones designed for strength and shock absorption

Medical home model

primary care doctor, and all of the care extends from there.

Collagen

primary constituent of skin, tendon, and ligaments protein substance strong in resisting tensile forces wavy configuration that allows for an elasctic type of deformation or stretch but, otherwise inelastic

Emergency medical System

process that activates the emergency health care services of the athletic training facility and community to provide immediate health care to an injured individual the team physician, athletic trainer, and coach have a legal duty to develop and implement an emergency plan to provide health care for participants

Histamine

promotes further vasodilation

Elastin

protein substance adds elasticity

SOAP

provides a more detailed and advanced structure for decision making and problem solving in the injury management. the subjective and objective methods of obtaining information is the same as HOPS. Assessment and planning are added in this format

Neurologic exam

pupillary examination and reaction to light brief sensorimotor examination of the upper to lower extremities. and testing of deep tendon reflexes questions to be asked during this exam 1. have you ever had a head or neck injury 2. have you ever been knocked out, been unconscious, or been diagnosed with a concussion? 3. Do you have frequent or repeated headaches 4. have you ever had a seizure or been told you have epilepsy? 5. have you ever had a burner, stinger, or one of your limbs fell numb or fall asleep during activity. 6. have you ever experienced unexplained muscle weakness.

Triage

rapid assessment of all injured individuals followed by return to the most seriously injured for treatment charge person vs. call person on site assessment; ascertain presence of serious or moderate injury.

Closed wound

reduce inflammation, pain, and secondary hypoxia treatment: ice, compression, and elevation

Osteopenia

reduced bone mineral density that predisposes individual to fracture possible causes: amenorrhea, hormonal factors, dietary insufficiencies

Comparative negligence

refers to the relative degree of negligence on the part of the plaintiff and defendant, with damages awarded on a basis proportionate to each person's carelessness.

Spasm

reflex action due to BIochemical mechanical blow to nerve or muscle

Acute injury

resulting from a specific event (macrotrauma) leading to a sudden onset of symptoms

Acute injury

results from a single force causative factor: macrotrauma characterized by a definitive moment of onset

Visceral

results from disease or injury to an organ in the thoracic or abdominal cavity, such as compression, tension, or distension of the viscera. deep nagging, and pressing, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. injury to internal organ

Chronic conditions

results from repeated irritation of tissues stage 1 - pain after activity only stage 2 - pain during activity, does not restrict performance stage 3- pain during activity, restricts performance stage 4- chronic unremitting pain, even at rest low grade inflammatory condition results in collagen resorption and scarring

Chronic or stress injury

results from repeated loading causative factor: microtrauma characterized by becoming more problematic over time

Abrasions

scraping away of layers of skin

Superficial

sharp prickly, brief duration injury to skin

The cardiovascular examination

should be competed in a quiet environment so that outside noise does not interfere with the auscultation of the heart sounds. The physician checks for cardiac abnormalities to identify those individuals at risk for sudden death. the AHA questions evaluating the patient to deal with a history of loss of consciousness, syncope, dizziness, shortness of breath heart palpitations, and chest pain during or after exercise

Strength, power, speed

strength is the ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to produce force in one maximal resistance effort. (1 rep max) either statically or dynamically. strength measures can involve isometric or isokinetic testing through manual muscle testing, such as pushups, pullups , grip strength, sit ups. Power is the ability of a muscle to produce force in a given time. (explosiveness) sped is the ability to move mass over time. (timed sprints)

Strain

stretch or tear of a muscle mechanism: tension force most common site for tears: near the musculotendinous junction. key factor: magnitude of force and structure's cross-sectional area

Sprain

stretch or tear of ligament Mechanism of Injury (MOI)- tension force Compromises the ability of the ligament to stabilize the joint.

Assessment

suspected site of injury, involved structures, and severity of injury

Effusion

swelling

Mechanical forces affecting bones

tension, compression, shear, bending, torsion stronger in resisting compression than both tension and shear

Strain

the amount of deformation relative to the original size of the structure result. -compression-shortening and widening -tension- lengthening and narrowing shear- internal deformation Problem: high strain rather than high force The ability to resist strain relative to strength of tissues.

Plan

the final section of the note lists the therapeutic modalities and exercises, educational consultations, and functional activities used to achieve the documented goals, the action plan should include the following goals -the immediate treatment to the given injured individual - the frequency and duration of treatments, therapeutic modalities, and exercises, -evaluation standards to determine progress toward the goals -ongoing patient education -criteria for discharge.

PROM

the injured body part is moved through ROM with no assistance from the injured individual -distinguishes injury to contractile tissues from noncontractile or inert tissues -end of range, gentle overpressure to determine end feel -differences in ROM b/w AROM and PROM -Accessory movements -loose-packed position/resting position -close packed position/two joint surfaces fit precisely together.

Licensure

the strictest form of state regulation and therefore is the most effective means of protecting the public. protects the title and the skills best type

Heparin

thins the blood and prolongs clotting

Pulmonary exam

this exam may be done alongside the cardiovascular exam. The physician auscultates for clear breath sounds and watches for symmetric movement of the diaphragm. a history of coughing spells or difficulty breathing may indicate exercise-induced bronchiospasm. questions should include. have you ever experienced excessive coughing during or after being physically active. have you ever experienced breathing difficulties or been told you have asthma, bronchitis, or allergies. have you ever had shortness of breath or heard unusual breath sounds during or after being physically active. have you ever had a collapsed lung?

Characteristics of of the symptoms

to discover the evolution of symptoms, including the location, onset, severity, frequency duration, and limitations due to pain.

Activity-specific functional testing

typical, active movements performed during activity participation movements should assess strength, agility, flexibility, joint stability, endurance, coordination balance, and sport specific skill performance.

Anthropometry and body composition

used to determine an individuals body type and suitability for a desired sport. hydrostatic weighting and and skinfold measurements often are used to determine body fat measurements.

Ultrasonic imaging

used to view tendon and other soft tissue imaging

Myelogram

uses an opaque dye that is introduced into the spinal canal through a lumbar puncture

HOPS

uses subjective- history of the injury. objective information through observation, palpation, inspection and special testing, this format focuses on the evaluation component of injury management and excludes the rehab process.

Eye examination

uses the Snellen or common eye chart questions to be asked have you ever had problems with blurring or double vision. have you ever injured your eyes or the area around your eyes do you wear glasses, contact lenses, or protective eye wear on a regular basis is your vision totally or partially impaired in either eye are you color blind Do you have good peripheral vision

Inspection of injury site

using discretion in safeguarding the individuals privacy, the injured area should be fully exposed. factors seen at the actual injury site, deformity, discoloration, swelling, signs of infection, scars

Good samaritan laws

were created to encourage bystanders to assist others in need of emergency care by granting them immunity from potential litigation. immunity only generally applies when the person providing emergency first aid 1. acts during an emergency 2.acts in good faith to help the victim 3. acts without expected compensation 4. is not guilty of any malicious misconduct or gross negligence toward the injured party.

Primary complaint

what the individual believe is the current injury questions to be asked - what is the problem - what hurts -when did the injury occur -what actions or motions are weak or painful

On-site functional testing

when not contraindicated, the individual's willingness to move the injured body part. AROM, PROM,RROM weight bearing

Inflammatory phase

zone of primary injury hematoma forms