KNH 184 Information Processing

Pendulum example

Assuming there is no friction or fluid resistance, the pendulum will remain in a regular state of motion I.E., The pendulum's motion can self- organize

Because rapid movements cannot use conscious feedback loops, and reflexive loops are only somewhat helpful, how are rapid movements thought to be coordinated?

*Motor program (pre-planning)- the key to an open-loop system -example: snapping is a pre-planned movement

7.) Cutaneous receptors

*located in the skin *provide information about... ~pain ~pressure ~temperature ~vibration

Scientific law

"statement of stable relationship between two variables" -allow us to PREDICT -these in behavioral sciences (i.e. predictive capability) are rare

SOA

"stimulus onset asynchrony": time interval between the prime onset and the target onset

Decerebrate cat on treadmill

(decerebrated means the cerebellum has been removed) -the cat will walk when hooked up to electrical stimulation -if the cat has no cerebellum and yet is walking, it proves that CPGs must reside in the spinal cord and NOT the brain -Central pattern generators can change the gait pattern all on their own

Response selection stage

*DECISION MAKING the activities of this stage begin after the stimulus identification stage provides information about the nature of input; this stage has the task of deciding what response to make, given the nature of the situation and environment -studied by manipulating the number of possible response alternatives and measuring RT driving example: the choice from available responses might be to go around another vehicle, to slow the car, or to make an avoidance maneuver. Thus, this stage requires the key process of determining what to do and how it should be done.

Beneficial effects of the psychological refractory period

*It may be protective -it ensures that a response to a dangerous stimulus is produced without interference from other conflicting signals

Triggered Reaction

-80-120 ms (slowest out of all of them) -Brain IS involved! -Wine glass effect

Is the ventral stream conscious or unconscious? What is its speed?

-Conscious -Slower due to it being conscious

Hick's Law

-Describes a linear relationship between Log2 of the # of stimulus-response alternatives (N) and RT -In other words, every time the number of stimulus-response alternatives doubles, RT increases by a constant amount

How are sprinters in track discouraged from using temporal anticipation?

-Disqualified for false start -starter varies length of fore-period -Electric monitoring of RT (RT < 100 ms results in DQ)

Consequences of interference (distraction)- distracted driving

-Distracted driving killed 3142 people and injured nearly 424,000 in 2019 (U.S.) -9 deaths per day 1-161 injuries per day -92% of distractions are avoidable and preventable -Most are self inflicted distractions like cell phones

Ian Waterman

-From the neck down, he gets NO information from joint receptors, muscle spindles, tendon organs, and most cutaneous receptors -He maintained temperature and pain sensation

Parameters of the GMP

-Mobilize features of a generalized motor program -Parts of the program YOU CAN CHANGE 1. Movement time: do it fast or do it slow 2. Movement amplitude (force): how much force you use (think about throwing a ball but now you will likely use a larger movement to someone further away to get it to go further) 3. Effector (muscle): what actually affects the movement is the muscle

Why is reaction time (RT) important

-RT is an important component of skilled motor performance -RT can be used to better understand information processing (RT= the duration of information processing)

Is the dorsal stream conscious or unconscious? What is its speed?

-Unconscious- our eyes need to be open and there needs to be enough light but we don't have to pay attention in order to use it -Fast because we don't have to pass through the stages of information processing

cocktail party effect

-ability to attend to only one voice among many -not all information is blocked in a conversation within a large crowd. You can be engaged in an ongoing conversation and suddenly hear your name being spoken in which you are not involved at all. Even though you have effectively shut out that background noise, some of it must have been processed in parallel in the stimulus identification stage in order that you could hear your own name. -like the Stroop effect, the cocktail-party effect illustrates that even some unattended features of sensory processing are processed in parallel with other attended information in the very early stages of sensory processing

Attention during info processing: actions are emitted in a _________ fashion at a maximum rate of about _____ per second

-actions are emitted in a SERIAL fashion -rate of about 3 per second

Movements controlled by Open-Loop Systems

-batting -snapping fingers -punch in boxing they are open loop because they are too fast and there isn't enough time to process feedback

Various examples of closed loop

-braking a car for a stop sign -filling a circle with scantron form -balancing on one foot -tying a shoe lace -moving a cursor to the 'close' button

pattern recognition

-complex examples: -knowing who to pass to in soccer -merging into traffic

Two visual systems

1.) Dorsal Stream 2.) Ventral Stream

Sources of feedback information

1.) Vision 2.) Audition 3.) Vestibular apparatus 4.) Joint receptors 5.) (Golgi) tendon organs 6.) Muscle spindles 7.) Cutaneous receptors think: VAVJGM

Evidence of Invariant Relative Timing

-divided whole gait cycle into 4 segments -walking and running at different speeds -divided each of gait cycles to see how much time they spent in each segment -looked at the rhythm between running and walking -add E1, E2, E3, and F and you will get 100% -walking spends 50% time in E3, running spends 30% time in E3 -walking spends 50% of time in F1, running spends 30% time in F -DIFFERENT RHYTHMS FOR BOTH -when walking or running velocity changes, the rhythm doesn't -no matter how fast you run or walk you don't change the rhythm -using the same movement, just changing the parameter -but going from walking to running changes the parameter

6.) Muscle spindles

-embedded within the belly of the skeletal muscle and oriented in parallel with the muscle fibers -because muscles change length when the joints they span are moved, the spindle lengths are changed as well -provide information about muscle length and the rate of change of length (stretch) -can elicit an excitatory response

Various examples of open loop

-golf swing (drive) -splitting wood with an axe -striking a nail with hammer -clicking mouse button -boxing (punch)

The vestibular apparatus provides us information about

-head position relative to gravity, and rotary and linear acceleration of the head -contributes to balance and visual tracking

Bipedal robots

-illustrate the complexity of human locomotion -uses feedback to program a whole sequence -exemplifies how complex human locomotion (the ability to move) is

Feedforward

-information you provide before sending your primary message -used to distinguish it from feedback; anticipated sensory consequences of the movement that should be received if the movement is correct, so that the error signal would be 0 -the process of replacing positive or negative feedback with future-oriented solutions -simple terms: it means focusing on the future instead of the past

Expanded human information processing model

-input ~stimulus identification ~response selection ~movement programming -output

Movements Controlled by Closed-Loop Systems

-inserting a contact lens -picking up a glass of water

5.) (Golgi) tendon organs

-located at the junction between a muscle and tendon -provide information about tendon/muscle tension (very sensitive to muscle tension and serve to regulate the levels of force produced in the attached muscle) *tendon organs can elicit and inhibitory response

4.) Joint receptors

-located in the joint capsule -provide information about joint position (most sensitive near extremes of range of motion) -application: at the extremes, they fire rapidly which is a protective mechanism to prevent you from over-flexing which keeps you safe from injuries

Invariant features

-order -relative timing (phasing) -relative force

"Controlled processing" is thought to be:

-quite slow -organized in a serial fashion -attention demanding

Examples of the use of the ventral stream include

-recognizing someone -reading -identifying an obstacle

Dynamical Perspective

-regularity in movement patterns (invariance) is not represented in a program, rather it occurs naturally due to the interaction of system components; physics (ex: physical properties of the system)

Main idea of central pattern generators (CPGs)

-said to be genetically defined -we come into the world with basic patterns of movement and they reside mainly in the spinal cord (not simply a pathway, but also contain some mechanisms that allow your body to move)

stimulus detection

-simple examples: -seeing a ball thrown at your face -hearing someone call your name

Monosynaptic (reflex arc)

-single synapse between sensory neuron that received and motor neuron responds -e.g. knee jerk

Types of anticipation

-spatial anticipation -temporal anticipation -both types can speed RT, but in different ways

What must be specified in the programming process in order to execute a skilled rapid movement?

-the duration of muscle contractions -the overall force of muscle activation -the muscles involved ~the order of muscle activation ~the relative timing of muscle contraction *rhythm ~the relative force of muscle activation

Criticisms of the motor program perspective

-the motor program notion assumes that programs residing in the brain or spinal cord are the origin of all movement characteristics -an alternative approach is called the Dynamical Perspective

3 structures of vestibular apparatus

1.) saccule aka otolith organs 2.) utricle 3.) semi-circular canals filled with fluid *these structures are positioned to detect the head's orientation with respect to gravity

How do we know that motor programs or something like them exist? I.e. What are the 3 lines of scientific evidence for motor programs?

1) Henry and Rogers experiment 1960 -suggested as movement complexity increased, RT increased -IV=movement complexity; DV=RT -suggest motor programs exist because planning takes more time 2) Deafferentation experiments -a surgical technique involving severing an animal's afferent (sensory) nerve bundles where they enter the spinal cord so the central nervous system (CNS) can no longer receive information from some portion of the periphery -demonstrated that sensory information from a limb is not necessary for movement production because the limbs still moved with no sensory nerve bundles which proves there must be something else telling the muscles to move 3) Mechanically blocking a limb (Wadman et al. 1979) -subjects in experiment had to do an elbow extension as rapidly as possible and looked at EMG in blocked contraction versus normal -some of the participants unknowingly had the lever blocked mechanically by the experimenter so no movement was possible -most important findings were that the antagonist muscle (bicep) still contracted even when all movement was blocked and it that it contracted at the same time as in normal movements -the timing of triceps and biceps activity during elbow extension was very similar between blocked and unblocked conditions -proves that since we still get all 3 bursts of the 3 verse reaction. as in normal movements, it must have been planned by your brain; hence a motor program exists -at least for 100-200ms your muscle activity is planned ahead of time and sent to your musclesmov

Types of feedback information for motor control

1) Proprioception 2) Exteroception 3) Exproprioception

Besides the ability to control rapid movements, what is the major advantage of using a motor program to execute a movement?

1) motor programs allow you do do rapid movements 2) the other advantage of motor programming is that it frees up attention -example: child learning to dribble a basketball just looks at the ball at first, but once they practice you notice they don't look at the floor anymore as they can turn some of this to open-loop control, the motor program allows the child to allocate attention to other areas and therefore allows performance to improve

Types of Optic Flow

1. Global 2. Local a. Expansion b. Convergence i. Lamellar ii. Non-Flow

Reflexive Closed-Loop Control: Three Reflexive Compensations

1. M1- Monosynaptic stretch reflex 2. M2- Polysynaptic stretch reflex (aka long-loop reflex) 3. Triggered reaction

If information processing cannot be observed directly, how can it be studied?

1. Reaction Time (RT) Method 2. Using RT as a dependent variable to study the duration and nature of information processing

Information Processing is often associated with a computer metaphor as they both...

1. Receive input 2. Process information 3. Produce output

Distinct stages of information processing

1. Stimulus Identification 2. Response Selection 3. Movement Programming

Problems with the Motor Program Notion

1. Storage problem: separate motor program to control every movement that one makes; you have a countless a countless number of programs you'd have to store 2. Novelty problem: how do humans produce new movements every day if the action is not represented in memory?

What happens during the knee-jerk reflex?

1. Tapping the knee pulls on the tendon of the quadriceps femoris 2. Causes muscle (the muscle spindles on top of it) to stretch 3. Information regarding this change in the muscle goes to the spinal cord via afferent (sensory) neurons 4. In the spinal cord, sensory neurons synapse (connect) with efferent (motor) neurons that contract the quadriceps 5. They also act indirectly to inhibit motor neurons that contract the antagonistic muscle, the hamstring

2 ways to reduce the amount of information to process

1. anticipation method 2. becoming skilled

stimulus identification is BOTH...

1. inherited (relex) 2. learned

If humans could not use an open-loop system to produce movement, how would we be disadvantaged?

2 main takeaways: no open-loop= 1) slower 2) more attention demanding -We'd have to use a closed-loop system for everything which would be a problem because you'd have to use feedback for everything which would make you slower

Movements completed in less than ______ ms are considered _________, and primarily under ________ loop control

200 rapid open

The average reaction time in humans is...

200 miliseconds

A movement is considered to be rapid if it is under _______

200 ms

Movements less than 200ms are considered _______, and primarily under ________________ control

200 ms open-loop

Anything slower than _______ is considered to be a _______ movement

200 ms slow

Automan Duck (1739)- Jaxques de Vaucanson

3D machine that operated like a duck POINT: -we still study movement from 3D model of humans and engineer something that works like them and by doing so you might be able to understand how the real world actually works

Central Pattern Generator

A mechanism that is similar to the motor program is said to control certain types of movements like sucking, locomotion (walking), chewing, and even breathing -central pattern generators reside in the spinal cord

Generalized Motor Programs (GMP)

A motor program that defines a GENERAL pattern of movement rather than a specific movement -example: jumping different distances or heights

What is a motor program?

A pre-structured set of movement (plans) commands that defines and shapes the movement -all you have to do is send that plan to the muscles -we know this exists because there isn't enough time to use feedback

reflex arc

A relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement

Double stimulation paradigm

A research design requiring separate reactions to two different stimuli presented together closely in time -explains attention during movement programming

parallel processing

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision -demonstrated by the Stroop Effect

How does accurate temporal anticipation speed RT?

Allows performer to begin movement programming in advance of stimulus -you skip stimulus identification and response selection

How does ACCURATE spatial anticipation speed RT?

Allows us to skip the response selection stage

How are GMPs represented in memory?

As the relative timing or other invariant features

Which components must be deleted in the information processing model to leave a purely open-loop system?

COMPARATOR ? -key part of the open-loop model is the motor program

Serial processing

CONTROLLED PROCESSING -occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in sequential order

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are said to be genetically defined and reside in the spinal cord. What does genetically defined mean?

CPGs are inherited and often functional at birth (ex: sucking and breathing) -another example is that some animals stand up 10 minutes after they're born and end up running 20 minutes after that; they don't learn to do that, but rather they're born with the pattern of movement -humans have less developed CPGs than some animals which is why we can't get up and walk right after birth, but we can breathe and suck

How is it known that CPGs reside in the spinal cord, rather than the cerebrum?

Chickens run with their heads off; therefore the chicken is running without a brain which is where the cerebrum resides, therefore, the chickens are evidence that the mechanisms that control locomotion reside in the spinal cord

What is the biggest disadvantage of a closed-loop control system?

Closed-loop control systems are slow

Once a motor program is ready for execution, how are the details of the program communicated to the muscles?

Communicated via the spinal cord as action potentials sent and peripheral motor nerves

What component do closed loop systems have that closed don't?

Comparator- open loop systems can't correct errors?

extrafusal fibers

Contractile skeletal muscle fibers outside of the muscle spindle

takeaway from the moving room experiments

Demonstrates that we are connected to our environment through our visual system -toddler perceives the wall and ceiling movement as their own movement, if the walls and ceilings change on your own retina you perceive it as your own motion (this is the dorsal system in play)

Henry and Rogers Experiment (1960)

Dependent variable= reaction time (RT) Independent variable= movement complexity Found that increases in movement complexity caused increases in RT (slowing)

Example when the cost of anticipating incorrectly always outweighs the benefit of anticipating correctly

Driving: approaching an intersection (red light)

Wine glass effect

Dropping wine glass and you try to catch it or hold on to it before falls, before you are consciously aware you are already unconsciously fixing the problem

3.) Vestibular apparatus

Equilibrium receptors of the inner ear that provide information related to head movements and body orientation (like if you're upside down) in the environment; STRONGLY IMPLICATED IN POSTURE AND BALANCE CONTROL

Where are the stages of information processing in the open/closed-loop models?

Executive

Which component of a closed-loop system is responsible for making decisions about how to deal with errors?

Executive

Closed-Loop Control System Parts

Executive Effector Comparator Feedback

Stroop effect

Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors -the conflict comes in delay and response selection stage; must mean that we are perceiving the color and meaning of the word at the SAME time *primary purpose: demonstrates that parallel processing is possible during the stimulus identification stage

What's the primary difference in how movements are controlled in open vs. closed?

FEEDBACK

True or False? Research evidence suggests that during a Stroop task, the color of the ink and the word that the ink spells are initially processed in serial.

False

True or False? Research on distracted driving indicates that using a hands-free phone while driving is much less distracting than using a handheld phone while driving.

False

_________ is how we execute slower movements

Feedback

The dynamical perspective suggests that human movement can also self-organize

For example, perhaps the invariant relative timing observed in running does not arise because of a program, but because of the physical properties of a human moving bipedally (inverted pendulum?)

ventral stream clarity/conditions

HIGH CLARITY BUT NEEDS LOTS OF LIGHT -usually needs information in well-lit visual conditions in order to identify object information, which can then be used for conscious, decision-making processes for action

Example of closed loop system

Heating system; uses feedback to achieve a particular goal

What characteristic of movement primarily determines whether a movement will be under open-loop or closed-loop?

How quick it is and the duration of the movement

The human information processing model

INPUT-> Human ->OUTPUT

Convergence

INWARD; BACKWARD

Cost to anticipating incorrectly

If you anticipate incorrectly, you'll be worse off than if you had not anticipated at all

Exproprioception

Information about body position and movement, relative to the environment example:

Exteroception

Information about the external environment example: where is the eraser on the tabletop? -answer: in the northeast corner -layout or terrain ?: WHAT is happening around me? (sound, sight, touch, smells, taste; seeing the outside)

Human performance can be conceptualized and studied in several ways; one of which is the...

Information processing approach

The human component of the model is sometimes referred to as a black box (input-black box-output). Why?

Information processing cannot be observed directly

Beneficial effects of the psychological refractory period

It may be protected ~it ensures that a response to a dangerous stimulus is produced without interference from other conflicting signals

In the moving room experiments, why are people oblivious to why they fell over?

Its unconscious and still using feedback, but outside of conscious awareness, still closed loop

Reflex mechanism that operates below our level of consciousness example/description

KNEE-JERK (aka patellar) reflex -one sits on a table with knee bent and lower leg freely hanging and then a small tap is applied to the patellar tendon (usually with a small rubber hammer, as done by a neurologist), the response to the tap is a brief contraction of the quadriceps muscle (agonist) (the hamstrings would be the antagonist) resulting in a small extension (straightening) of the knee. The time from the tap until the quadriceps is activated is only 30 to 50 ms. This reflexive response occurs without any active, voluntary control and occurs far too quickly to have come via the stages of information processing

How do we know stimulus identification exists?

Lab on finger test to measure reaction time; we gain the knowledge that we respond to auditory stimuli quicker and therefore that tells us that the stimulus has an effect on reaction time

Why is external focus superior?

Leading explanation is called the Constrained Action Hypothesis: -internal focus might cause one to try to control movement, which could interfere with automatic/unconscious contol

discovery of dorsal system: moving room experiment

Lee & Aronson (1974) participants stood in a room in which the walls moved toward or away from them but the floor did not move. The situation created a conflict between vision and proprioception. When the walls moved, people adjusted their posture to not fall, even though they weren't moving off balance

population stereotype

Likely learned societal associations meaning we sometimes act habitually due to specific cultural learning example: the color red is often associated with stop or danger and green is go or safety

Looming and the Looming Effect

Looming: when an object coming towards you appears to be getting bigger and bigger Looming effect: person flinches as an object is moved closer to their face

M1

MONOSYNAPTIC STRETCH REFLEX -30-50 ms -Spinal cord only -Brain NOT involved

Expansion

MOVING FORWARD; OUTWARD FLOW -can be global or local

Using anticipation is one method to reduce the amount of information to process; give example

Most baseball batters know that a pitcher is likely to throw a fastball on a 3-0 count, because the pitcher needs a strike and usually the pitcher's most accurate pitch is the fastball. Also, because the pitcher needs a strike, he is likely to throw the ball near the center of the strike zone. In this case, the batter has been able to reduce the uncertainty about the upcoming pitch in terms of both its type (fastball) and its location (center of strike zone). Of course, there is no guarantee that the anticipation will be correct, but the reduction in the amount of information to process will make for an easier and faster decision to swing at the pitch or not.

Order and Relative Timing

Movement 2 is longer than movement 1...

Lamellar flow

PARALLEL/moving LATERALLY -moving side-to-side horizontally to the environment

M2

POLYSYNAPTIC STRETCH REFLEX -50-80 ms -Brain involved!

CPGs in spinal cord injury rehabilitation

People with incomplete spinal cord injuries often have some connection between their minds and their muscles -increase the amount of walking exercise and the theory is that after lots of exercise, they continue to send to the muscles to contract in a stepping-like fashion -Good example that humans indeed have the same central pattern generators -humans are like chickens and cats

Mechanically blocking a limb (Wadman et al. 1979)

Probably the most importance piece of scientific evidence that motor programs exist -the EMG 3 verse pattern occurs in both normal and mechanically blocked movements which proves that it must have been planned by your brain ahead of time

Hicks Law

RT is linearly related to the amount of information that must be processed to resolve the uncertainty about the various possible stimulus-response alternatives. Doubling the amount of information to be processed by doubling N (possible choices) therefore increases RT by a constant amount. This constant amount is equal to the slope (b) in the equation of Hick's Law.

Anticipation

Refers to expecting or predicting something to happen -can influence information processing

Stepping reflex and how its important to the existence in CPGs

Reflex present in all infants that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface -it's evidence for human locomotion; meaning that we come into the world with a pattern of walking in our nervous system that reside in our spinal cord *this reflex isn't seen in babies after 3 months because the reflex gets inhibited due to them growing so fast; meaning the weight to strength ratio in their limbs is no longer able to display that reflex; it doesn't go away but rather is inhibited by the growth

Choking under pressure

Scenario in which a performer changes a normal routine or fails to adapt to a changing situation, resulting in a failed performance

Variations to the Inverted-U Principal

Simple task representation= graph C -peak level for arousal is at the higher end -generally gross motor tasks -example: lifting a weight and being all pumped up Complex task representation= graph A -the peak arousal is at the lower end -generally fine motor tasks -example: you wouldn't want a surgeon slicing into you all excited B is the average

Example when the benefit of anticipating correctly always outweighs the cost of anticipating incorrectly

Soccer Goalkeeper (penalty kick) -76% failure rate

What characteristic of movement primarily determines whether a movement will be controlled by open or closed?

Speed

How did the Generalized Motor Program solve the storage and novelty problems?

Storage problem: you only need one program, you just need to modify it -example: 10,000 ways to jump, if the program for each action, that's 10,000 programs, if you just have one to modify differently, that's still easier to store Novelty problem: you don't need a whole new program, you just take one you already have

Centipede Example of self-organization

Systematic amputation of pairs of legs caused new locomotion patterns to emerge

As the number of S-R increases...

The RT will increase

Miracle Mike (the headless chicken)

The chicken who lived for 2 years after its head was cut off because the brainstem was still intact (connects to spinal cord) -brainstem controls respiratory functions, heart rate, etc. -if the brainstem is still connected to the spinal cord, then these functions are still intact, therefore the chicken can run PROOF THAT CPGS RESIDE IN THE SPINAL CORD

Psychological refractory period (PRP)

The delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli compared with the person's reaction time to the second stimulus presented alone

Foreperiod

The interval between warning and go-stimulus

Movement Time

The interval of time between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movement

In what component of the open-loop system is the motor program prepared for execution?

The movement program stage: where the program is prepared -you have a stimulus presented -then you select response; you either retrieve is from memory or write a program -then you prepare it for execution (which is motor programming)

Interpretation of Henry-Rogers experiment results

The results supported the idea that we organize (plan) movements in advance, which is consistent with the motor program concept

2.) Audition

The sense of hearing example: when you're running and hitting the ground you can HEAR your footsteps and detect how fast your feet are hitting the ground (that ex would be exteroception?) -people who are visually impaired are better at using auditory information than people who aren't visually impaired

stimulus identification

The stimulus is identified example: tap on shoulder is stimulus

Perceptual narrowing

The tendency for the perceptual field to shrink under stress with high arousal -represents changes to information processing with increasing arousal

Reaction Time

The time elapsing between the beginning of the application of a stimulus and the beginning of an organism's reaction to it -INCLUDES NO MOVEMENT OR MUSCLE ACTIVITY

If two movements have the same relative timing, what does this suggest about the generalized motor programs that control these movements?

The two movements are controlled by the same GMP

_________________ is located in the inner ear and is sensitive to movement of the head

The vestibular apparatus

Why are rapid movements not primarily controlled by a closed-loop system?

There isn't enough time to use conscious feedback loops -the movement could be over by the time you even complete one conscious feedback loop

Why do the toddler and the models fall down in the moving room experiments?

They mistook the room movement for their own movement, then they overcompensated for the perceived movement and the compensation is what knocked them over

True or False? If two tasks interfere with each other, they both require attention

True

True or False? The authors of your textbook consider attention to be a limited resource.

True

True or False? Humans can use sensory information to correct or adjust a movement without using conscious awareness

True

True or False? Proprioception provides us information about the state of body parts in relation to each other and relative to the environment

True

Highly practiced performers can overcome the disadvantages of low S-R compatibility

True- the higher the level of practice, generally the shorter the RT will be

True or False? We can use global and local convergence at the same time

True- this scenario would mean that you're moving and someone or something else is moving too

Invariant Features of the GMP

Unmodifiable features of a generalized motor program

Dorsal stream function

Vision for: ACTION -primary function is to answer "WHERE IS IT?" identifying where something is

ventral stream function

Vision for: OBJECT IDENTIFICATION provides information about the "WHAT" or "WHO" in motor control

temporal anticipation

WHEN a given stimulus will arrive or when a movement is to be made think: temporal=time

Can feedback contribute to the control of rapid movements?

Yes, but it is LIMITED -reflexes and perhaps dorsal visual stream

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the stimulus

what causes the Psychological Refractory Period?

a bottleneck (serial processing) in the movement programming stage of information processing

An eye detecting light can be compared to...

a camera -a camera is able to take a picture because it captures light, uses lens and light reflects off of the lightbulb and ends up at the bottom of the film and so the object is upside down

blindsight

a condition in which people who are blind can respond to visual stimuli in the absence of any visual awareness/without consciously perceiving them -primarily led to the discovery of the DORSAL system

Open-Loop Control System

a control system in which all the information needed to initiate and carry out an action as planned is contained in the initial instructions to the effectors DOES NOT UTILIZE FEEDBACK

Automatic processing

fast, parallel, not attention demanding, not consciously thinking, more accurate

Closed-Loop Control System

a system of control in which, during the course of an action, feedback is compared against a standard or reference to enable an action to be carried out as planned

3 verse reaction (or triple-burst pattern)

agonist-antagonist-agonist 1. first there is a burst of EMG the agonist muscle (here, the triceps) 2. then, the tricep turns off and the antagonist muscle (the biceps) is activated to decelerate (slow) the limb 3. finally, the agonist comes on again near the end to stabilize the limb at the target area

Effector

analogous to the worker in a company; do the actual work; typically referred to as the muscles

One fundamental way to reduce RT is to...

anticipate

Global convergence

backwards going towards center?

psychological refractory period: bottleneck effect

bottleneck prevents preparation of a second action until preparation of the previous action has been completed

When a person moves, the pattern of light ________ at every angle

changes

Movements greater than 200ms are considered _______, and primarily under ________________ control

closed-loop -means you have time to detect and use feedback

Comparator

compares two things: 1) actual state 2) planned/desired state *COMPUTES ERROR by comparing what is supposed to happen versus what is actually happening

agonist

contracts causing the movement to occur

Machines are controlled by...

control systems

Response selection...

depends on amount of practice

Detecting optic flow _______ _______ require attention

does not -it is unconscious and fast

The _______ system is sensitive to optic flow

dorsal system

Global Optic Flow

entire optic array changes -YOU'RE MOVING; the only way you can change your pattern is for you to move

The dorsal stream uses the light that strikes the _______ ________

entire retina (your entire visual field)

In a closed-loop system, the difference between the anticipated feedback (i.e., expected state) and the actual state (i.e., feedback) is called _________

error

inherited stimulus identification

examples: rooting reflex

Dichotic listening

experiment conducted by Cherry (1953) to investigate how auditory sensory information could be processed in parallel -a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear -exemplifies the cocktail-party effect and represents another example of parallel processing

In almost all situations, an _______ focus results in more skilled performance than an internal focus of attention

external

Choking under pressure may occur when there is a change in one's attention from _______ to _________

external to internal

Movement programming stage

final stage begins its processing upon receiving the decision about what movement to make as determined by the response selection stage -this stage has the task of preparing the motor system to make desired movement ~driving example: if the response selection stage determined that a braking response was required, then the organization of the motor program responsible for executing a braking action would occur in the movement programming stage

external focus attention

focusing on a target, such as an object to be struck or the intended effect that the action will have on the environment

internal focus of attention

focusing on monitoring the ongoing movement

The ventral stream primarily uses light that strikes a part of the retina which is the _________

fovea

Executive

gets to make decisions (also where the stages of information processing are)

Dorsal stream clarity/conditons

has GREATER LIGHT SENSITIVITY (needs less light) BUT LESS CLARITY THAN VENTRAL

The failure to perceive objects in the visual environment when attention is directed to other objects or events is called:

inattention blindness

The attentional resources remaining for a secondary task ____________________ when the primary task becomes less complex.

increase

As the stages of information processing proceed the demand for attention _____________

increases

Proprioception

information about body position and movement relative to the body example: if your nose itches, you need to know where your hand is relative to your nose ?: Where is my body in a space?

GMP Theory

information must be specified in the movement programming process in order to execute a skilled rapid movement -parameters (easier) and invariant features

Why is performance slowed in the Stroop Effect?

interference arises later on when the two stimuli compete for different responses

Photograph Analogy (revisited)

invariant features are on the record -cannot change the notes or the song -imprinted on the record and can't be changed

Why is perceptual narrowing an important mechanism?

it allows the person to devote more attention to those sources of stimuli that are immediately most likely and relevant -but excessive arousal means missing relevant cues

The best performance will happen when you're at ________ ___________

moderate arousal

intrafusal fibers

modified muscle fibers within/inside muscle spindles -can change the length of the muscle but not cause you to move (because they are weaker)

Local convergence

moving away from center back?

Non-Flow

no flow or movement whatsoever; everything is stationary around you and you're stationary as well

inhibitory response (subject matter being the golgi tendon organs)

occurs when a neuron's firing rate decreases due to inhibition from another neuron (turns the muscle off) -can make a muscle relax involuntary if the tension in a muscle exceeds a certain threshold; an action potential can be sent to the spinal cord to make the muscle stop contracting by turning it off (because if tension builds then it could cause injury)

Output

once the movement programming stage has completed and its processing of information

Local Optic Flow

only a part of the optic array changes -something else in the ENVIRONMENT is moving

We use the dorsal stream primarily to control...

our movements

Attention during info processing: countless stimuli enter the system in _________ essentially continiously

parallel

optic array

pattern when light reaches the eye

spatial anticipation

predicting WHAT is going to happen before the signal is presented

simple reaction time

reacting to the presence or absence of a single stimulus example: starting a sprint in response to the gun

Response Time

reaction time + movement time

Phonograph Analogy: a phonograph (turntable or record player) has been used to explain the notion of generalized motor programs

record = generalized motor program speed control = movement time parameter volume control = amplitude parameter -like throwing a ball hard or soft speaker switch = effector parameter -speaker or headphones

antagonist

relaxes so as not to impede (or delay) the agonist -essentially does the opposite of whatever the agonist is doing -another function can be to slow down or stop a movement

Inverted-U principle

represents a view of the relationship between arousal and performance -increasing the arousal level generally enhances performance, but only to a point, once it gets past a certain point, performance starts to decrease

fovea function

responsible for sharp central vision (2% of the visual field)

Controlled processing

slow, serial, attention demanding -with lots of practice, you'll likely switch to automatic processing

1.) Vision

the ability to see/what you see

attention

the capacity to process information -limited resource: you cannot "attend" to everything

For a given amount of S-R alternatives, increasing S-R compatibility decreases RT, which is thought to be the effect of...

the effect of relative difficulty of information processing in the response selection stage, where the more natural linkages between compatible stimuli and responses lead to faster resolution of uncertainty and thus to shorter RTs

Motor RT

the interval between the first change in electrical activity in a muscle and the initiation of a muscle movement

Premotor RT

the interval from the presentation of a stimulus to the initial changes in the electric activity of a muscle

Arousal

the level of excitement

excitatory response (in regard to muscle spindles)

the response of a nerve fiber in which the firing rate increases (turns the muscle on)

choice reaction time

the time it takes to respond to a stimulus when there are multiple responses from which to choose example: quarterback throws ball to open receiver

CPGs play a large role in the control of locomotion (walking, running, etc). Elaborate

they are the reason we don't go through life thinking "left root, right foot, left foot, right foot, left foot, right foot..." -good example later on is the stepping reflex

Local expansion

things in the environment are moving towards you (ex: looming effect)

Example of amplitude

throwing a ball at different distances, you use more force to throw to someone or something further away

Good example of open loop control system

toaster

Feedback

what is happening currently

Interference (distraction)

when the demand for attention (by a task/consent) exceeds your capacity to allocate attention, performance suffers

optic flow

when the entire pattern of light rays change in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world -how we detect motion -think: the pattern that moves across

Hick's Law Practical Application

when uncertainty increases, RT will increase by a predictable amount ex:

Global expansion

you experience forward movement