KU BIOL 150 CH.6 Learning Curve

Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that:

The use of ATP by cells evolved early in the history of life and has been conserved over time.

As a cat pounces on a mouse, its muscles consume 10 units of potential energy (which the cat previously gained from the food it consumed). However, the pounce itself only required 4 units of kinetic energy. How many units of energy were dissipated as heat?

6

Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator most likely work?

A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen.

The assembly of glucose molecules into polysaccharides is a(n) _____ process.

Anabolic

Building a protein by adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain is an example of:

Anabolism

Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form:

Carbonic acid

You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 500 meters, your body has converted _____ energy to _____ energy, and has lost some of this energy as _____.

Chemical potential; kinetic; heat

Imagine that you discover a microbial deep-sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H2). In addition, this microbe can synthesize organic compounds from carbon-containing inorganic molecules in the ocean. This microbe is a:

Chemoautotroph

Imagine that you discover a carnivorous deep-sea fish that cannot utilize the carbon in carbonic acid, or any other inorganic molecule, present in seawater to form glucose, or other organic molecules. Living so far beneath the water's surface, this fish is also incapable of harnessing energy from the sun. This fish would be considered a:

Chemoheterotroph

Escherichia coli bacteria in your colon are categorized as:

Chemoheterotrophs

The bond between the last two phosphate groups in ATP is relatively _____ to break because of the _____ between _____.

Easy; repulsion; negative charges

Synthesis of a protein is an example of a chemical reaction that is:

Endergonic and anabolic

The lid of a container containing a gas is removed. As a consequence, the molecules of the gas can leave the container and have more space available to them to spread out. For the gas released from the container, which of the following increases?

Entropy

You are talking with one of your friends. He states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics, because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. Why doesn't evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics?

Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe), as the chemical reactions that are required to make organisms release heat.

What is true about exergonic reactions?

Exergonic reactions are catabolic

True or False: During a chemical reaction, atoms of hydrogen can be transformed into carbon atoms by the addition of protons to the nucleus.

False

True or False: One day, scientists should be able to genetically engineer mice that are 100% energy efficient, and this achievement will greatly impact the biotechnology industry.

False

True or False: Plant cells rely on energy obtained directly from the sun to carry out cellular processes and derive energy from sugars only as a backup on cloudy days.

False

Which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy? -alanine -glucose -water -sodium chloride -carbon dioxide

Glucose

In chemical reactions, most of the entropy increase occurs as:

Heat

Which has the most entropy, individual nucleotides or a nucleic acid?

Individual nucleotides

In the pathway leading from threonine to isoleucine, one of the first enzymes in the pathway, threonine dehydratase, is _____ by an accumulation of isoleucine.

Inhibited

ATP is a type of _____ and is composed of adenine, _____, and three phosphate groups.

Nucleotide; ribose

An avalanche is an example of _____ energy.

Kinetic

Energy of motion is _____ energy.

Kinetic

A cougar chases its prey. Running is a form of:

Kinetic energy

Which organisms are considered heterotrophs?

Most bacteria and dogs

Spontaneous reactions have a _____ ΔG.

Negative

In the pathway leading from threonine to isoleucine, when isoleucine is abundant, which of the intermediates in the pathway is produced?

None of the intermediates are produced

Oak trees are categorized as:

Photoautotrophs

Batteries in your flashlight are examples of _____ energy.

Potential

Stored energy is called _____ energy.

Potential

Organic molecules store _____energy in their _____ bonds.

Potential; ionic

Converting glucose to glycogen:

Requires energy

Which of the following a part of ATP? -fructose -galactose -glucose -ribose -deoxyribose

Ribose

You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 50 meters, you are breathing harder than at the start of the race and sweating profusely. This is an example of the _____ law of thermodynamics because _____ is increasing.

Second; entropy

The energy of activation of a reaction is:

The energy input needed to reach the transition state

You walk out of your warm house on a cold winter's day. What is different between the air inside and outside of your house in this scenario?

The molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside.

True or False: A given enzyme in a pathway can be activated by one molecule and inhibited by a different molecule.

True

True or False: An energy input is necessary for both endergonic and exergonic reactions.

True

True or False: The energy of a system is defined as the system's capacity to do work.

True

Carbon-carbon covalent bonds, such as the ones in carbohydrates and lipids, are _____ and have _____.

Weak; a lot of potential energy