L8 - Metabolism Expanded

Eukaryotes and cyanobacteria use ______. They have _____ and other pigments and use ______ photosystems (_____). Their electron source is _____ and produce ______ and ______. They also produce _____

*oxygenic* photosynthesis, chlorophyll, two, noncyclic, H20, ATP, NADP, O2

What are the steps to break down glucose through fermentation?

- Glucose - e- > pyruvate + e- > lactate; - Glucose - e- > acetaldehyde + e- > ethanol

What are the six electron donors for chemolithotrophs?

1. H2 2. NH4+ 3. NO2- 4. H2S 5. CO 6. FE2+

What are the three electron acceptors for chemolithotrophs?

1. O2 2. SO42- 3. NO3-

What are two phototrophic microbes?

1. cyanobacteria photosynthetic eukaryotes 2. green and purple bacteria

What are the three patterns of energy release?

1. fermentation 2. aerobic respiration 3. anaerobic respiration

What are the four different types of chemolithotrophs?

1. hydrogen oxidizing 2. nitrifying 3. CO oxidizing 4. iron oxidizing

What is the first step in synthesizing ATP after the ETC?

1. protons pumped across the membrane to the outside; a proton motive force (PMF) is generated due to unequal distribution of charge

How is ATP synthesized by electron transfer to O2?

1. protons pumped across the membrane to the outside; a proton motive force (PMF) is generated due to unequal distribution of charge 2. protons diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase and used to synthesize ATP 3. ATP synthase uses *oxidative phosphorylation* to create ATP

What is the second step in synthesizing ATP after the ETC?

2. protons diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase and used to synthesize ATP

In the electron transport chain of E. coli, what are the byproducts to get O2 to be the terminal electron acceptor?

2H+

What is the third step in synthesizing ATP after the ETC?

3. ATP synthase uses *oxidative phosphorylation* to create ATP

Whcih of the following is false? Prokaryotic electron transport chains : 1) can be branched 2) can contain different cytochromes 3) utlize both O2 and non-O2 molecules 4) require Iron and Fe to function

4

How many complexes are there that help transport electrons part of the way to O2?

4 electron carriers

The ETC is composed of ____ complexes of electron carriers. Each of the carriers transports _____ part of the way to _____.

4, electrons, oxygen

Catabolism turns NADPH into ____

ATP

Which pattern of energy release donates electrons to the exogenous acceptor, oxygen?

Aerobic respiration

What is the name of the chemolithotrophs that has Ni or Fe?

Alcaligenes eutropha

______ is the synthesis of large molecules from small precursors and requires energy input

Anabolism

What is the equation for CO OXIDIZING BACTERIA in Chemolithorophs

CO -> CO2

what enzyme does CO OXIDIZING BACTERIA in Chemolithorophs use?

CO Dehydrogenase

What is methanogensis and what type of respiration is it?

CO2 > CH4, anaerobic respiration

______ breaks down large molecules to small ones and *releases energy* to do work

Catabolism

What are the two stages of microbial metabolism?

Catabolism, anabolism

True/False Components that have a more positive charge are more willing to give away electrons

False Components that have a more positive charge are more willing to accept electrons

What is the process where chemoorganotrophs get: Endogenous organic electron acceptor: O2: NO3-, CO2, fumarate:

Fermentation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration

What are the steps to break down glucose through aerobic respiration?

Glucose - e- > pyruvate - e- > acetyl CoA > TCA - e- or TCA + e- > ETC - ATP > O2

What is the equation for hydrogen oxidizing bacteria?

H2+ *1/2 O2* -> H2*O*

What are 6 electron donors in chemolithotrophs?

H2, NH4+, NO2-, H2S, CO, Fe2+

What is unique about Fe2+ oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

It has a two branched pathway and has a reverse electron flow

______ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell

Metabolism

Chemolithotrophs aerobes contain _____ at the active site (________ =____) of CO- Dehydrogenase. Some examples of these are

Mo, molybdopterin= Moco, Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus, oligotropha carboxidovorans

In the electron transport chain of E. coli, what is the starting point to get O2 to be the electron acceptor?

NADH

In the electron transport chain of E.coli, what is the starting material, byproduct, and terminal electron acceptor?

NADH, 2H+, NO3-

Anabolism turns ATP into ____

NADPH

what is the equation for *Nitrosomanos* in nitrifying bacteria in chemolithotrophs

NH4+ + 1 1/2 O2 -> NO2- + H2O + 2H+

what is the equation for *Nitrobacter* in nitrifying bacteria in chemolithotrophs

NO2- + 1/2 O2 -> NO3-

Electron acceptors in Microorganisms: What does NO3- turn into? What is the process called?

NO2-, N2O, N2. Nitrate respiration(dentification); facultative aerobes

In the electron transport chain of Pseudomonas stutzeri what is the intermediate electron acceptor and what is the terminal electron acceptor?

NO3- = intermediae electron acceptor N2O = terminal electron acceptor

Chemolithotrophs anaerobes contain ____ at the active site ( ______ of CO-Dehydrogenase. An example of this is

Ni, C-cluster, carboxydothermus hydrogenoformas

What steps are nitrate reduction?

Nitrate (NO3-) to Nitrite (NO2-)

In the electron transport chain of Pseudomonas stutzeri what step is branched?

Nitrate reductase

In anaerobic respiration, what steps contribute to dentrification?

Nitric oxide (NO) -> Nitrous oxide( N2O) -> Dinitrogen (N2)

In the electron transport chain of E. coli, what is the terminal electron acceptor?

O2

What kind of carbon source does green and purple bacteria use?

Organic

What components do you use for cyclic photophosphorylation?

PSI and H2S, S, H2

What components do you use for noncyclic photophosphorylation?

PSII and PSI

What is sulfate reduction and what type of respiration is it?

SO42- > H2S, anaerobic respiration

What is the name of the chemolithotrophs that has just Fe?

Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus

What are some CO OXIDIZING BACTERIA in Chemolithorophs names?

Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus, oligotropha carboxidovorans, carboxydothermus hydrogenoformas

True/False Components that have a more negative charge are more willing to give away electrons

True

The type of electron ________ determines patterns of energy release: ______, ______, and ______

acceptor, fermentation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration

Which metabolic process synthesizes complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy?

anabolism (biosynthesis)

Which pattern of energy release donates electrons to exogenous acceptors other than oxygen?

anaerobic respiration

Which metabolic process breaks down larger and more complex molecules into smaller molecules with the release of energy?

catabolism

What is used in the ETC to connect the complexes?

coenzyme Q and cytochrome C

In the ETC, _______ and _______ connect the complexes.

coenzyme Q, cytochrome c

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ETC? Prokaryotic electron transport chains can be ______, can contain different ____ and can utilize both _____ and ______ as electron acceptors.

differ in details of construction, branched, cytochromes, O2, non-O2 molecules (nitrate)

The type of electron ______ determines types of nutrient requirement: ______ and _______.

donor/source, chemoorganotroph, chemolithotroph

The electron transport chain is a series of _______ that operate together to transfer electrons from ______ and _____ to a terminal electron acceptor.

electron carriers, NADH, FADH2 (QH2)

Aerobic respiration uses the ________ and ______ as the terminal electron acceptor. It uses the same principle as _____ in eukaryotic organisms, but differ in _____ and the ______ details of ETC.

electron transport system (ETS), oxygen, ETC, location, construction

Anaerobic respiration uses the _______ and uses electron acceptors _______ like _____, _____ or ______.

electron transport system, other than oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, CO2

Chemolithotrophs include ______ for ETC obtained from organic molecules

electrons

Energy(ATP) production is revived via ________ transfer

energy

What is phototrophy?

energy captured from sunlight

Fermentation is an _______ process in which an _______ electron donor gives electrons to an endogenous acceptor, usually an ______ derived from the _______ of the nutrient (e.g. _____).

energy-yielding, organic (glucose), intermediate, catabolism, pyruvate

Aerobic respiration is when electrons are donated to the ______ acceptor, _____.

exogenous, oxygen

Anaerobic respiration is when electrons are donated to the _______ acceptor other than _______, such as nitrate or sulfate.

exogenous, oxygen

Which pattern of energy release donates electrons to endogenous acceptors?

fermentation

In chemoorganotrohs, what is an example of organic e- donor?

glucose -> NADH

Chemolithotrophs use ______ chemicals as an electron source.

inorganic

In eukaryotes, where is the ETC?

mitochondrian

Electrons flow from more ______ to gradually more ___ reduction potential

negative, positive

In the ETC, electrons flow from carriers with more _____ Eo' to carriers with more ______ Eo'.

negative, positive

What is the dissimulative reduction of nitrate?

nitrogen is not incorporated into cell mass

What is the similarity between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ETC?

operate by the same fundamental principles

Chemoorganotrophs use _____ chemicals as an electron source.

organic

Electron donors are molecules that can be _____. Electron acceptors are molecules that can be _______.

oxidized, reduced (OIL RIG)

In prokaryotes, where is the ETC?

plasma membrane

Aerobic respiration; obligate and facultative aerobes have a net ______ charge and conver O2 to ____

positive, H2O

Where do bugs live to enable anaerobic respiration?

swamps, soil sediments, intestinal tracts

What is the equation for Iron oxidizing bacteria for chemolithotrophs? Provide also an example of one

*Fe2+* + H+ + 1/4 O2 -> *Fe3+ +* + *1/2* H20 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Green and purple bacteria use _______. They have _____ as the light harvesting center and use ______ photosystem (_____). Their electron source is _____, ______, and _____ to produce ATP. They do not produce ______.

*anoxygenic* photosynthesis, bacteriochlorophyll, 1, cyclic, H2S, S, H2, ATP, O2