L8 - Metabolism Expanded
Eukaryotes and cyanobacteria use ______. They have _____ and other pigments and use ______ photosystems (_____). Their electron source is _____ and produce ______ and ______. They also produce _____
*oxygenic* photosynthesis, chlorophyll, two, noncyclic, H20, ATP, NADP, O2
What are the steps to break down glucose through fermentation?
- Glucose - e- > pyruvate + e- > lactate; - Glucose - e- > acetaldehyde + e- > ethanol
What are the six electron donors for chemolithotrophs?
1. H2 2. NH4+ 3. NO2- 4. H2S 5. CO 6. FE2+
What are the three electron acceptors for chemolithotrophs?
1. O2 2. SO42- 3. NO3-
What are two phototrophic microbes?
1. cyanobacteria photosynthetic eukaryotes 2. green and purple bacteria
What are the three patterns of energy release?
1. fermentation 2. aerobic respiration 3. anaerobic respiration
What are the four different types of chemolithotrophs?
1. hydrogen oxidizing 2. nitrifying 3. CO oxidizing 4. iron oxidizing
What is the first step in synthesizing ATP after the ETC?
1. protons pumped across the membrane to the outside; a proton motive force (PMF) is generated due to unequal distribution of charge
How is ATP synthesized by electron transfer to O2?
1. protons pumped across the membrane to the outside; a proton motive force (PMF) is generated due to unequal distribution of charge 2. protons diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase and used to synthesize ATP 3. ATP synthase uses *oxidative phosphorylation* to create ATP
What is the second step in synthesizing ATP after the ETC?
2. protons diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase and used to synthesize ATP
In the electron transport chain of E. coli, what are the byproducts to get O2 to be the terminal electron acceptor?
2H+
What is the third step in synthesizing ATP after the ETC?
3. ATP synthase uses *oxidative phosphorylation* to create ATP
Whcih of the following is false? Prokaryotic electron transport chains : 1) can be branched 2) can contain different cytochromes 3) utlize both O2 and non-O2 molecules 4) require Iron and Fe to function
4
How many complexes are there that help transport electrons part of the way to O2?
4 electron carriers
The ETC is composed of ____ complexes of electron carriers. Each of the carriers transports _____ part of the way to _____.
4, electrons, oxygen
Catabolism turns NADPH into ____
ATP
Which pattern of energy release donates electrons to the exogenous acceptor, oxygen?
Aerobic respiration
What is the name of the chemolithotrophs that has Ni or Fe?
Alcaligenes eutropha
______ is the synthesis of large molecules from small precursors and requires energy input
Anabolism
What is the equation for CO OXIDIZING BACTERIA in Chemolithorophs
CO -> CO2
what enzyme does CO OXIDIZING BACTERIA in Chemolithorophs use?
CO Dehydrogenase
What is methanogensis and what type of respiration is it?
CO2 > CH4, anaerobic respiration
______ breaks down large molecules to small ones and *releases energy* to do work
Catabolism
What are the two stages of microbial metabolism?
Catabolism, anabolism
True/False Components that have a more positive charge are more willing to give away electrons
False Components that have a more positive charge are more willing to accept electrons
What is the process where chemoorganotrophs get: Endogenous organic electron acceptor: O2: NO3-, CO2, fumarate:
Fermentation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration
What are the steps to break down glucose through aerobic respiration?
Glucose - e- > pyruvate - e- > acetyl CoA > TCA - e- or TCA + e- > ETC - ATP > O2
What is the equation for hydrogen oxidizing bacteria?
H2+ *1/2 O2* -> H2*O*
What are 6 electron donors in chemolithotrophs?
H2, NH4+, NO2-, H2S, CO, Fe2+
What is unique about Fe2+ oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
It has a two branched pathway and has a reverse electron flow
______ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell
Metabolism
Chemolithotrophs aerobes contain _____ at the active site (________ =____) of CO- Dehydrogenase. Some examples of these are
Mo, molybdopterin= Moco, Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus, oligotropha carboxidovorans
In the electron transport chain of E. coli, what is the starting point to get O2 to be the electron acceptor?
NADH
In the electron transport chain of E.coli, what is the starting material, byproduct, and terminal electron acceptor?
NADH, 2H+, NO3-
Anabolism turns ATP into ____
NADPH
what is the equation for *Nitrosomanos* in nitrifying bacteria in chemolithotrophs
NH4+ + 1 1/2 O2 -> NO2- + H2O + 2H+
what is the equation for *Nitrobacter* in nitrifying bacteria in chemolithotrophs
NO2- + 1/2 O2 -> NO3-
Electron acceptors in Microorganisms: What does NO3- turn into? What is the process called?
NO2-, N2O, N2. Nitrate respiration(dentification); facultative aerobes
In the electron transport chain of Pseudomonas stutzeri what is the intermediate electron acceptor and what is the terminal electron acceptor?
NO3- = intermediae electron acceptor N2O = terminal electron acceptor
Chemolithotrophs anaerobes contain ____ at the active site ( ______ of CO-Dehydrogenase. An example of this is
Ni, C-cluster, carboxydothermus hydrogenoformas
What steps are nitrate reduction?
Nitrate (NO3-) to Nitrite (NO2-)
In the electron transport chain of Pseudomonas stutzeri what step is branched?
Nitrate reductase
In anaerobic respiration, what steps contribute to dentrification?
Nitric oxide (NO) -> Nitrous oxide( N2O) -> Dinitrogen (N2)
In the electron transport chain of E. coli, what is the terminal electron acceptor?
O2
What kind of carbon source does green and purple bacteria use?
Organic
What components do you use for cyclic photophosphorylation?
PSI and H2S, S, H2
What components do you use for noncyclic photophosphorylation?
PSII and PSI
What is sulfate reduction and what type of respiration is it?
SO42- > H2S, anaerobic respiration
What is the name of the chemolithotrophs that has just Fe?
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus
What are some CO OXIDIZING BACTERIA in Chemolithorophs names?
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus, oligotropha carboxidovorans, carboxydothermus hydrogenoformas
True/False Components that have a more negative charge are more willing to give away electrons
True
The type of electron ________ determines patterns of energy release: ______, ______, and ______
acceptor, fermentation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration
Which metabolic process synthesizes complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy?
anabolism (biosynthesis)
Which pattern of energy release donates electrons to exogenous acceptors other than oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
Which metabolic process breaks down larger and more complex molecules into smaller molecules with the release of energy?
catabolism
What is used in the ETC to connect the complexes?
coenzyme Q and cytochrome C
In the ETC, _______ and _______ connect the complexes.
coenzyme Q, cytochrome c
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ETC? Prokaryotic electron transport chains can be ______, can contain different ____ and can utilize both _____ and ______ as electron acceptors.
differ in details of construction, branched, cytochromes, O2, non-O2 molecules (nitrate)
The type of electron ______ determines types of nutrient requirement: ______ and _______.
donor/source, chemoorganotroph, chemolithotroph
The electron transport chain is a series of _______ that operate together to transfer electrons from ______ and _____ to a terminal electron acceptor.
electron carriers, NADH, FADH2 (QH2)
Aerobic respiration uses the ________ and ______ as the terminal electron acceptor. It uses the same principle as _____ in eukaryotic organisms, but differ in _____ and the ______ details of ETC.
electron transport system (ETS), oxygen, ETC, location, construction
Anaerobic respiration uses the _______ and uses electron acceptors _______ like _____, _____ or ______.
electron transport system, other than oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, CO2
Chemolithotrophs include ______ for ETC obtained from organic molecules
electrons
Energy(ATP) production is revived via ________ transfer
energy
What is phototrophy?
energy captured from sunlight
Fermentation is an _______ process in which an _______ electron donor gives electrons to an endogenous acceptor, usually an ______ derived from the _______ of the nutrient (e.g. _____).
energy-yielding, organic (glucose), intermediate, catabolism, pyruvate
Aerobic respiration is when electrons are donated to the ______ acceptor, _____.
exogenous, oxygen
Anaerobic respiration is when electrons are donated to the _______ acceptor other than _______, such as nitrate or sulfate.
exogenous, oxygen
Which pattern of energy release donates electrons to endogenous acceptors?
fermentation
In chemoorganotrohs, what is an example of organic e- donor?
glucose -> NADH
Chemolithotrophs use ______ chemicals as an electron source.
inorganic
In eukaryotes, where is the ETC?
mitochondrian
Electrons flow from more ______ to gradually more ___ reduction potential
negative, positive
In the ETC, electrons flow from carriers with more _____ Eo' to carriers with more ______ Eo'.
negative, positive
What is the dissimulative reduction of nitrate?
nitrogen is not incorporated into cell mass
What is the similarity between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ETC?
operate by the same fundamental principles
Chemoorganotrophs use _____ chemicals as an electron source.
organic
Electron donors are molecules that can be _____. Electron acceptors are molecules that can be _______.
oxidized, reduced (OIL RIG)
In prokaryotes, where is the ETC?
plasma membrane
Aerobic respiration; obligate and facultative aerobes have a net ______ charge and conver O2 to ____
positive, H2O
Where do bugs live to enable anaerobic respiration?
swamps, soil sediments, intestinal tracts
What is the equation for Iron oxidizing bacteria for chemolithotrophs? Provide also an example of one
*Fe2+* + H+ + 1/4 O2 -> *Fe3+ +* + *1/2* H20 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Green and purple bacteria use _______. They have _____ as the light harvesting center and use ______ photosystem (_____). Their electron source is _____, ______, and _____ to produce ATP. They do not produce ______.
*anoxygenic* photosynthesis, bacteriochlorophyll, 1, cyclic, H2S, S, H2, ATP, O2