Lab 9: Blood vessels and circulation

Place the following vessels in the order through which blood would pass, beginning with blood entering the systemic circuit after exiting the heart.

1. Aorta 2. Brachiocephalic trunk 3. Right subclavian artery 4. Axillary artery 5. Brachial artery 6. Ulnar artery

Place the following vessels in the order through which blood would pass back to the heart.

1. Basilic vein 2. Axillary vein 3. Subclavian vein 4. Brachiocephalic vein 5. Superior vena cava

Indicate whether the given condition would increase or decrease blood flow with all other factors being equal. 1. Increasing RBC count 2. Increasing vessel radius 3. Increasing vessel length 4. Erythropoietin hypersecretion 5. Aldosterone Hypersecretion

1. Decrease flow 2. Increase flow 3. Decrease flow 4. Decrease flow 5. Increase flow

Nitric oxide is released by exercising muscle cells and causes vasodilation in nearby blood vessels. What effect (if any) will nitric oxide have on blood flow? 1. Nitric oxide causes an increase in local blood flow. 2. Nitric oxide causes a decrease in local blood flow. 3. Nitric oxide has no impact on local blood flow.

1. Nitric oxide causes an increase in local blood flow.

Classify the given terms or examples with MAP or Pulse pressure. 1. A measure of the elasticity and recoil of arteries 2. Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure 3. The difference between diastolic and systolic pressures 4. Average measure of blood pressure forces on arteries 5. Shows how well body tissues and organs are perfused

1. Pulse pressure 2. MAP 3. Pulse pressure 4. MAP 5. MAP

Match the vessel with the tissue it drains. 1. Superior mesenteric vein: 2. Cystic vein: 3. Phrenic vein: 4. Internal iliac vein: 5. Femoral vein:

1. Small intestine and most of the colon 2. Gallbladder 3. Diaphragm 4. Pelvis and its viscera 5. Thigh

As training progresses and blood viscosity increases, what will happen to resistance and blood flow in the athlete?

Blood flow will decrease as peripheral resistance increases, so the athlete's heart will have to work harder to compensate.

True or false: A small amount of fluid moves out of capillaries at their venous ends, and most of that fluid reenters the capillaries at their arterial ends

False

True or false: By far the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs is filtration.

False

What are some things that decrease resistance?

Increased vessel diameter, short vessels, anemia

Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure.

Increases

When taking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, which of the following is true of the diastolic BP?

It is recorded after the last pulse sound is heard

What body parts have increased flow at rest?

Kidneys, Intestines, stomach, gonads

What are some characteristics that are indicative of arteries?

Marked by divergence; thicker layers of smooth muscle; higher wall-to-lumen ratio

As training progresses and blood viscosity increases, what will happen to peripheral resistance in the athlete?

Peripheral resistances increases

What are some things that increase resistance?

Polycythemia, dehydration, long vessels, angiogenesis

As the muscles of the legs repeatedly contract and relax, what effect, if any, will this have on blood flow?

Repeated contraction of the leg muscles will increase venous return.

During exercise, the amount of blood that returns to the heart increases dramatically. What change (if any) can be predicted about stroke volume?

SV will increase

What body parts have increased flow at exercise?

Skeletal muscle, skin, coronary vessels

True or false: Capillary exchange is the process by which cells receive everything they need to survive and to eliminate metabolic waste.

True

True or false: Filtration pressure is the force responsible for moving fluid across capillary walls.

True

True or false: Local control of blood flow is achieved by the periodic relaxation and contraction of precapillary sphincters regulating blood flow through the tissues.

True

True or false: Vasodilator substances are produced in the extracellular fluid as the rate of metabolism increases.

True

True or false: When resistance is high, a larger blood pressure gradient must be produced to maintain adequate blood flow.

True

Classify the given terms or examples with total or local blood flow. 1. L/min 2. Altered directly by tissue damage 3. Dependent on the degree of vascularization of a tissue 4. Equivalent to cardiac output 5. mL/min 6. Dependent on the heart and blood vessels 7. Blood delivered to capillaries of a specific tissue 8. Amount of blood throughout entire vasculature overtime

1. Total blood flow 2. Local blood flow 3. Local blood flow 4. Total blood flow 5. Local blood flow 6. Total blood flow 7. Local blood flow 8. Total blood flow

1. Cardiac output increases 2. ? 3. Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinuses are stimulated 4. Sensory impulses to cardiac center 5. ? 6. SA Node is inhibited 7. ? 8. Blood pressure returns to normal

2. Blood pressure increases 5. Parasymphathetic impulses to heart 7. HR decreases

Exercise triggers an increase in sympathetic activity to the heart. What effect, if any, will this have on cardiac output? 1. Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in ventricular contraction strength, which will increase cardiac output. 2. Both "Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in heart rate, which will increase cardiac output" and "Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in ventricular contraction strength, which will increase cardiac output" are true. 3. Neither "Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in heart rate, which will increase cardiac output" or "Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in ventricular contraction strength, which will increase cardiac output" are true. 4. Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in heart rate, which will increase cardiac output.

2. Both "Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in heart rate, which will increase cardiac output" and "Sympathetic activity will cause an increase in ventricular contraction strength, which will increase cardiac output" are true.

Which of the following types of medications might be useful in treating high blood pressure? 1. A medication that causes an increase in contractility of the heart 2. A medication that causes an increase in thirst 3. A medication that reduces blood volume by increasing urination

3. A medication that reduces blood volume by increasing urination

As blood vessel length increases, what happens to peripheral resistance and blood pressure? 1. Both peripheral resistance and blood pressure decrease 2. Peripheral resistance increases and blood pressure decreases 3. Both peripheral resistance and blood pressure increase 4. Peripheral resistance decreases and blood pressure increases

3. Both peripheral resistance and blood pressure increase

Which of the following is TRUE regarding hypertension and the loss of elastin? 1. If the arteries become less stretchy, the heart will have an easier time ejecting blood. 2. Artery stretchiness will have no impact on the heart. 3. If the arteries become less stretchy, the heart will have to work harder to eject blood.

3. If the arteries become less stretchy, the heart will have to work harder to eject blood.

1. In which of these blood vessels will the blood encounter the highest resistance? 1. A muscular artery with a diameter of 3 millimeters 2. An elastic artery with a diameter of 12 millimeters 3. A muscular artery with a diameter of 8 millimeters 4. An arteriole with a diameter of 0.25 millimeters

4. An arteriole with a diameter of 0.25 millimeters

Which do you expect to have the lowest blood pressure?

A vein leading directly to the right atrium

Digoxin is a positive inotropic agent that can be administered intravenously. What effect can be predicted in a patient who is treated with digoxin?

An increase in SV

Caffeine is a positive chronotropic agent. What effect on cardiac output can we expect in an individual who just drank a large cup of caffeinated coffee?

An increase in cardiac output

Blood vessel walls contain elastin, a protein that allows the vessel to stretch under high pressure. Which type of blood vessel do you expect will have the highest concentration of elastin in its walls?

Arteries

The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the:

Cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend.

What are some characteristics that are indicative of veins?

Contain valves; site for blood donation; marked by large area of lumen