Psychology chapter 7

trial and error.

The old adage, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again" describes trial and error.

Cultural intelligence

When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture

Creativity

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities.

triarchic theory of intelligence

because it sees intelligence as comprised of three parts (Sternberg, 1988): practical, creative, and analytical intelligence

Event schema or cognitive script

behaviors that can feel like a routine

prototype

best example or representation of a concept.

Concepts

categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Crystallized intelligence

characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

Analytical intelligence

closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations. Sternberg says that analytical intelligence is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.

Language

communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another

Neutral concepts

created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences

Standard deviations

describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.

Representative bias

describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Convergent thinking

describes the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem (Cropley, 2006; Gilford, 1967)

Phoneme

e.g., the sounds "ah" vs. "eh") is a basic sound unit of a given language, and different languages have different sets of phonemes

Fluid intelligence

encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Emotional intelligence

encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways (Parker, Saklofske, & Stough, 2009).

Dyslexia

exhibits an inability to correctly process letters

Cognitive psychology

field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think

heuristic

general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. A "rule of thumb" is an example of a heuristic.

Dysgraphia

have a learning disability that results in a struggle to write legibly.

Availability heuristic

heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

Norming

involves giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups

problem-solving strategy

is a plan of action used to find a solution.

Algorithm

is a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome (Kahneman, 2011)

Hindsight bias

leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't

role schema

makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave (Callero, 1994)

Creative intelligence

marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. Creativity in this realm can include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story.

Standardization

means that the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.

Schema

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932)

anchoring bias

occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem

Artificial concept

other hand, is a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics. Various properties of geometric shapes, like squares and triangles, serve as useful examples of artificial concepts

Practical intelligence

proposed by Sternberg, is sometimes compared to "street smarts." Being practical means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences.

Overgeneralization

refers to an extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule. For example, in English, it is usually the case that an "s" is added to the end of a word to indicate plurality.

Flynn effect

refers to the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last. Flynn himself argues, however, that increased IQ scores do not necessarily mean that younger generations are more intelligent per se (Flynn, Shaughnessy, & Fulgham, 2012)

Semantics

refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

Grammar

refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon (Fernández & Cairns, 2011)

Syntax

refers to the way words are organized into sentences (Chomsky, 1965; Fernández & Cairns, 2011).

Representative sample

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population.

Confirmation bias

tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Range of reaction

theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup.

Cognition

thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Functional fixed ness

type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

Working backwards

useful heuristic in which you begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result.

Multiple intelligence theory

was developed by Howard Gardner, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson.

Mental set

where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.

Morphemes

which are the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning (e.g., "I" is both a phoneme and a morpheme).

Divergent thinking

Divergent thinking can be described as thinking "outside the box;" it allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem

Intelligence quotient

IQ describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence

Lexicon

Refers to words of a given language