Psychology chapter 7
trial and error.
The old adage, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again" describes trial and error.
Cultural intelligence
When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture
Creativity
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities.
triarchic theory of intelligence
because it sees intelligence as comprised of three parts (Sternberg, 1988): practical, creative, and analytical intelligence
Event schema or cognitive script
behaviors that can feel like a routine
prototype
best example or representation of a concept.
Concepts
categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
Crystallized intelligence
characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.
Analytical intelligence
closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations. Sternberg says that analytical intelligence is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.
Language
communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another
Neutral concepts
created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences
Standard deviations
describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.
Representative bias
describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something
Convergent thinking
describes the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem (Cropley, 2006; Gilford, 1967)
Phoneme
e.g., the sounds "ah" vs. "eh") is a basic sound unit of a given language, and different languages have different sets of phonemes
Fluid intelligence
encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
Emotional intelligence
encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways (Parker, Saklofske, & Stough, 2009).
Dyslexia
exhibits an inability to correctly process letters
Cognitive psychology
field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think
heuristic
general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. A "rule of thumb" is an example of a heuristic.
Dysgraphia
have a learning disability that results in a struggle to write legibly.
Availability heuristic
heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision
Norming
involves giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups
problem-solving strategy
is a plan of action used to find a solution.
Algorithm
is a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome (Kahneman, 2011)
Hindsight bias
leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't
role schema
makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave (Callero, 1994)
Creative intelligence
marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. Creativity in this realm can include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story.
Standardization
means that the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.
Schema
mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932)
anchoring bias
occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem
Artificial concept
other hand, is a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics. Various properties of geometric shapes, like squares and triangles, serve as useful examples of artificial concepts
Practical intelligence
proposed by Sternberg, is sometimes compared to "street smarts." Being practical means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences.
Overgeneralization
refers to an extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule. For example, in English, it is usually the case that an "s" is added to the end of a word to indicate plurality.
Flynn effect
refers to the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last. Flynn himself argues, however, that increased IQ scores do not necessarily mean that younger generations are more intelligent per se (Flynn, Shaughnessy, & Fulgham, 2012)
Semantics
refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
Grammar
refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon (Fernández & Cairns, 2011)
Syntax
refers to the way words are organized into sentences (Chomsky, 1965; Fernández & Cairns, 2011).
Representative sample
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population.
Confirmation bias
tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs
Range of reaction
theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup.
Cognition
thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
Functional fixed ness
type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for
Working backwards
useful heuristic in which you begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result.
Multiple intelligence theory
was developed by Howard Gardner, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson.
Mental set
where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.
Morphemes
which are the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning (e.g., "I" is both a phoneme and a morpheme).
Divergent thinking
Divergent thinking can be described as thinking "outside the box;" it allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem
Intelligence quotient
IQ describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence
Lexicon
Refers to words of a given language