Lab Exam Review
In the absence of oxygen, what anaerobic pathways can occur after glycolysis?
- alcohol fermentation - lactate fermentation
Pond water can contain many types of organisms. Which of the following are you most likely to find in a pond water sample?
- bacteria - algae - rotifers - protozoa
In the pillbug experiment, how many pillbugs did you need to use to get good information for the experiment?
10
When the low power (10x) objective is used the total magnification will be _____
100x
When preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, the specimen should be covered with
A coverslip
During the soybean experiment the nongerminating soybeans consumed around 0.02 mL/min of oxygen. What does this tell you about the cellular respiration of the nongerminating soybeans?
A little cellular respiration was taking place but not enough for growth
A good scientific experiment is reproducible. What does this mean?
Anyone can conduct the same experiment in another lab and expect the same results.
Serves as a handle for carrying the microscope
Arm
When trying to determine the rate of cellular respiration (an aerobic process), why is oxygen measured and not carbon dioxide?
CO2 is produced during both aerobic and anaerobic processes; we couldn't be sure cellular respiration was taking place
Which of the following is located outside of the cell membrane and provides structural support to plant and prokaryotic cells?
Cell wall
The structure that easily distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell is
Chloroplasts
Why does DNA flow toward the positive side of the gel chamber?
DNA has a negative charge and is attracted by the positive side.
When utilizing the scientific method, there are two types of variables. They are
Dependent and independent
After a period of time, most of the pillbugs appeared to spend most of their time on the side of the dish with sand, not cornstarch.
False
It is not necessary to change pipet tips when you micropipet each new DNA sample.
False
The electrophoresis buffer is poured over the agarose gel because it charges the DNA samples so they can travel more readily across the chamber.
False
The total magnification achieved using a 10× objective lens with a 10× eyepiece lens is 20×.
False
Circular area seen through the eyepiece
Field of View
Which carbohydrate is the primary or preferred starting compound for glycolysis and the fermentation pathway?
Glucose
How do the products of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle relate to the electron transport chain?
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce the molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain.
Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for the buildup of which molecule?
Lactate
Which of the following molecules is produced in the oxidation of NADH during fermentation?
Lactate
Which of the following does NOT occur during yeast fermentation?
Lactate is produced
In muscle cells, fermentation produces not alcohol but
Lactic acid
Which of these is not a step in aerobic respiration?
Lactic acid fermentation
Part to which the objective lenses are attached
Nosepiece
Which of the following is released from ATP and therefore provides "energy"?
Pi
Ribosomes are the site of
Protein synthesis
Respirometers were set up that contained yeast and 2% glucose solution. Each respirometer was placed at a different temperature. The height of the bubble contained in the respirometer was measured every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. What is the independent variable in this experiment?
Temperature
What is the purpose of a control group in scientific experiments?
The control group undergoes standard or no treatment and serves as a baseline for a group receiving an experimental treatment.
What would you predict would happen to the fermentation rate if you used yeast suspension that had not been swirled/mixed each time before it was dispensed into test tubes?
The reaction rate would be very low
How should the gas bubble should be read?
by the leading edge
In the pillbug experiment, the substance used as the control was
sand
During the experiment measuring energy production in plants, the highest rate of cellular respiration occurred in
the tube containing germinating seeds
In the pillbug experiment, your hypothesis
was related to the environment pillbugs prefer.
Mitochondria are associated with the production of
ATP
Which of the following are the final by-products of glucose oxidation during aerobic cellular respiration?
ATP, heat, carbon dioxide, and water
During the expirement measuring the energy production in plants, the instrument used to measure oxygen consumption was a
Respirometer
What structures are found within prokaryotic cells?
Ribosomes
Which of the following is a defense mechanism of pillbugs against predation?
Rolls up
The chloroplast is
Site of photosynthesis
When the oil immersion (100x) objective is used the total magnification will be _____
1000x
When the high power (40x) objective is used the total magnification will be ____
400x
When the scanning (4x) objective is used the total magnification will be ____
40x
In gel electrophoresis, how are the DNA samples added to the wells?
A micropipet is used.
Which type of process requires oxygen as a substrate?
Aerobic
The main products of yeast fermentation are
- alcohol - CO2 - NAD+
Select the correct statements about cellular respiration
- chemical energy in glucose is transformed to the form of ATP - The overall equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36ATP - Glucose is oxidized completely to form carbon dioxide and water - The phases include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
Select all of the following that are products of alcoholic fermentation.
- ethanol - carbon dioxide - ATP
Select all of the following that can be studied with brightfield microscopy.
- fungi - bacteria - plants
Select all of the following that are substrates alcoholic fermentation.
- glucose
Select all of the following that are substrates lactic acid fermentation.
- glucose
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- has a cell membrane - contains ribosomes - has cytoplasm
Eukaryote
- has a nucleus - has organelles
Select all of the following that are true statements about fermentation.
- lactate may be produced - ethanol may be produced - the reactions happen in the cytoplasm - CO2 is produced
The main products of lactate fermentation are
- lactic acid - NAD+
Select all of the following that are products of lactic acid fermentation.
- lactic acid - carbon dioxide - ATP
Gel electrophoresis can be used to separate molecules by
- length - size - charge
Select all of the following that are factors affecting the clarity of a microscopic image.
- resolution - contrast - magnification
What information did the movement of the bubble over a specified distance in the calibrated respirometer provide?
- the rate of cellular respiration - the volume of oxygen used
In order for the DNA samples to TRAVEL across the gel accurately, it is important that
- the voltage is set correctly on the chamber - the electrophoresis buffer is poured over the agarose gel
Which of the following items will you need to make a wet mount?
- transfer pipette - clean slide - tweezers - cover slip
Select all of the following that are products of cellular respiration.
- water - carbon dioxide - ATP
Which gas is produced as a result of fermentation?
Carbon dioxide
Prokaryote
-has a nucleoid
Arrange the following steps of applying immersion oil in the correct sequence.
1. Focus on the specimen using the 40x objective lens 2. Turn the objectives to half way between the 40x lens and the 100x lens. 3. Apply a drop of immersion oil directly onto area of the slide you were viewing. 4. Rotate the 100x lens over the microscope slide, and use the fine focus adjustment knob to sharpen the image.
Place the four phases of the scientific method in order.
1. Hypothesis 2. Experiment 3. Analysis 4. Report
Indicate the correct order of steps as you bring an object into focus under high power.
1. Place slide on stage and secure with stage clips. 2. Turn on the light and center the specimen over the light source. 3. Focus specimen on scanning objective using coarse focus adjustment 4. Rotate to low power objective, then use fine focus to sharpen the image 5. Rotate high power lens into position. 6. Readjust fine focus under high power to produce the sharpest image.
The __________ causes the stage to move upward or downward.
Coarse adjustment knob
The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________, takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.
Glycolysis
What anaerobic pathway in cellular respiration generates ATP from the breakdown of glucose?
Glycolysis
The oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as
H2O
Why is bromophenol blue added to the individual DNA samples?
It allows the observer to view how far the DNA samples travel
Why is cellular respiration important?
It generates ATP, which cells can use to do work
Which is incorrect about fermentation?
It generates oxygen
Which of the following is not a role played by NADH in cellular respiration?
It oxidizes pyruvate
Which of the following is the largest?
Polysaccaride
If leaving an objective lens over the stage when storing the microscope, which objective lens should be placed over the stage?
Scanning 4x
How does the DNA rate of travel differ for small DNA fragments and large DNA fragments?
Small fragments travel farther than large fragments.
Holds a microscope slide in position
Stage (slide) clip
Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?
Sucrose
Imagine that you wish to compare two different diets that will be fed to tadpoles raised in a lab. One diet is a meat-based fish food, and the other is the traditional diet of boiled lettuce. You want to see if the meat-based diet will be associated with an increase in the average weight of the tadpoles. In your experiment you keep all other factors, such as tadpole density per pan, temperature, pH, and the amount of food the same. The only difference between your control and experimental groups is the type of food the tadpoles receive. Which is a good hypothesis for this tadpole experiment?
Tadpoles will be larger if fed a meat-based diet.
A DNA fragment with 100 base pairs is smaller than a DNA fragment with 150 base pairs.
True
All carbohydrates must be converted to glucose to enter glycolysis or fermentation.
True
Ethidium bromide is a dye that is used to stain the gel and allows the DNA to be viewed under UV light.
True
Gel electrophoresis is an important tool used in biotechnology for forensics and paternity test.
True
Germinating soybeans will have a higher cellular respiration rate than non-germinating soybeans?
True
Under what environmental conditions do yeast carry out fermentation?
absence of oxygen
Plasma membranes are a feature of
all cells
Which type of process is alcoholic fermentation?
anaerobic
Before pouring the liquid agarose solution into the casting tray, you must first
apply tape to the two open ends of the casting tray
How is a respirometer used to measure fermentation?
by the size of the gas bubble produced
Contains a lens at the top of the body tube
eyepiece (ocular)
Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes
lack a true nucleus.
In gel electrophoresis, what is the agarose used for?
making the gel
Cellular respiration
oxidizes glucose and reduces oxygen
According to the results of the pillbug experiment,
pillbugs tend to prefer cornstarch over sand.
Yeast cells under anaerobic conditions
produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Which of the following is the purpose of cellular respiration?
production of ATP