Lab Exam Review

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In the absence of oxygen, what anaerobic pathways can occur after glycolysis?

- alcohol fermentation - lactate fermentation

Pond water can contain many types of organisms. Which of the following are you most likely to find in a pond water sample?

- bacteria - algae - rotifers - protozoa

In the pillbug experiment, how many pillbugs did you need to use to get good information for the experiment?

10

When the low power (10x) objective is used the total magnification will be _____

100x

When preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, the specimen should be covered with

A coverslip

During the soybean experiment the nongerminating soybeans consumed around 0.02 mL/min of oxygen. What does this tell you about the cellular respiration of the nongerminating soybeans?

A little cellular respiration was taking place but not enough for growth

A good scientific experiment is reproducible. What does this mean?

Anyone can conduct the same experiment in another lab and expect the same results.

Serves as a handle for carrying the microscope

Arm

When trying to determine the rate of cellular respiration (an aerobic process), why is oxygen measured and not carbon dioxide?

CO2 is produced during both aerobic and anaerobic processes; we couldn't be sure cellular respiration was taking place

Which of the following is located outside of the cell membrane and provides structural support to plant and prokaryotic cells?

Cell wall

The structure that easily distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell is

Chloroplasts

Why does DNA flow toward the positive side of the gel chamber?

DNA has a negative charge and is attracted by the positive side.

When utilizing the scientific method, there are two types of variables. They are

Dependent and independent

After a period of time, most of the pillbugs appeared to spend most of their time on the side of the dish with sand, not cornstarch.

False

It is not necessary to change pipet tips when you micropipet each new DNA sample.

False

The electrophoresis buffer is poured over the agarose gel because it charges the DNA samples so they can travel more readily across the chamber.

False

The total magnification achieved using a 10× objective lens with a 10× eyepiece lens is 20×.

False

Circular area seen through the eyepiece

Field of View

Which carbohydrate is the primary or preferred starting compound for glycolysis and the fermentation pathway?

Glucose

How do the products of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle relate to the electron transport chain?

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce the molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain.

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for the buildup of which molecule?

Lactate

Which of the following molecules is produced in the oxidation of NADH during fermentation?

Lactate

Which of the following does NOT occur during yeast fermentation?

Lactate is produced

In muscle cells, fermentation produces not alcohol but

Lactic acid

Which of these is not a step in aerobic respiration?

Lactic acid fermentation

Part to which the objective lenses are attached

Nosepiece

Which of the following is released from ATP and therefore provides "energy"?

Pi

Ribosomes are the site of

Protein synthesis

Respirometers were set up that contained yeast and 2% glucose solution. Each respirometer was placed at a different temperature. The height of the bubble contained in the respirometer was measured every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Temperature

What is the purpose of a control group in scientific experiments?

The control group undergoes standard or no treatment and serves as a baseline for a group receiving an experimental treatment.

What would you predict would happen to the fermentation rate if you used yeast suspension that had not been swirled/mixed each time before it was dispensed into test tubes?

The reaction rate would be very low

How should the gas bubble should be read?

by the leading edge

In the pillbug experiment, the substance used as the control was

sand

During the experiment measuring energy production in plants, the highest rate of cellular respiration occurred in

the tube containing germinating seeds

In the pillbug experiment, your hypothesis

was related to the environment pillbugs prefer.

Mitochondria are associated with the production of

ATP

Which of the following are the final by-products of glucose oxidation during aerobic cellular respiration?

ATP, heat, carbon dioxide, and water

During the expirement measuring the energy production in plants, the instrument used to measure oxygen consumption was a

Respirometer

What structures are found within prokaryotic cells?

Ribosomes

Which of the following is a defense mechanism of pillbugs against predation?

Rolls up

The chloroplast is

Site of photosynthesis

When the oil immersion (100x) objective is used the total magnification will be _____

1000x

When the high power (40x) objective is used the total magnification will be ____

400x

When the scanning (4x) objective is used the total magnification will be ____

40x

In gel electrophoresis, how are the DNA samples added to the wells?

A micropipet is used.

Which type of process requires oxygen as a substrate?

Aerobic

The main products of yeast fermentation are

- alcohol - CO2 - NAD+

Select the correct statements about cellular respiration

- chemical energy in glucose is transformed to the form of ATP - The overall equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36ATP - Glucose is oxidized completely to form carbon dioxide and water - The phases include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

Select all of the following that are products of alcoholic fermentation.

- ethanol - carbon dioxide - ATP

Select all of the following that can be studied with brightfield microscopy.

- fungi - bacteria - plants

Select all of the following that are substrates alcoholic fermentation.

- glucose

Select all of the following that are substrates lactic acid fermentation.

- glucose

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

- has a cell membrane - contains ribosomes - has cytoplasm

Eukaryote

- has a nucleus - has organelles

Select all of the following that are true statements about fermentation.

- lactate may be produced - ethanol may be produced - the reactions happen in the cytoplasm - CO2 is produced

The main products of lactate fermentation are

- lactic acid - NAD+

Select all of the following that are products of lactic acid fermentation.

- lactic acid - carbon dioxide - ATP

Gel electrophoresis can be used to separate molecules by

- length - size - charge

Select all of the following that are factors affecting the clarity of a microscopic image.

- resolution - contrast - magnification

What information did the movement of the bubble over a specified distance in the calibrated respirometer provide?

- the rate of cellular respiration - the volume of oxygen used

In order for the DNA samples to TRAVEL across the gel accurately, it is important that

- the voltage is set correctly on the chamber - the electrophoresis buffer is poured over the agarose gel

Which of the following items will you need to make a wet mount?

- transfer pipette - clean slide - tweezers - cover slip

Select all of the following that are products of cellular respiration.

- water - carbon dioxide - ATP

Which gas is produced as a result of fermentation?

Carbon dioxide

Prokaryote

-has a nucleoid

Arrange the following steps of applying immersion oil in the correct sequence.

1. Focus on the specimen using the 40x objective lens 2. Turn the objectives to half way between the 40x lens and the 100x lens. 3. Apply a drop of immersion oil directly onto area of the slide you were viewing. 4. Rotate the 100x lens over the microscope slide, and use the fine focus adjustment knob to sharpen the image.

Place the four phases of the scientific method in order.

1. Hypothesis 2. Experiment 3. Analysis 4. Report

Indicate the correct order of steps as you bring an object into focus under high power.

1. Place slide on stage and secure with stage clips. 2. Turn on the light and center the specimen over the light source. 3. Focus specimen on scanning objective using coarse focus adjustment 4. Rotate to low power objective, then use fine focus to sharpen the image 5. Rotate high power lens into position. 6. Readjust fine focus under high power to produce the sharpest image.

The __________ causes the stage to move upward or downward.

Coarse adjustment knob

The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________, takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

Glycolysis

What anaerobic pathway in cellular respiration generates ATP from the breakdown of glucose?

Glycolysis

The oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as

H2O

Why is bromophenol blue added to the individual DNA samples?

It allows the observer to view how far the DNA samples travel

Why is cellular respiration important?

It generates ATP, which cells can use to do work

Which is incorrect about fermentation?

It generates oxygen

Which of the following is not a role played by NADH in cellular respiration?

It oxidizes pyruvate

Which of the following is the largest?

Polysaccaride

If leaving an objective lens over the stage when storing the microscope, which objective lens should be placed over the stage?

Scanning 4x

How does the DNA rate of travel differ for small DNA fragments and large DNA fragments?

Small fragments travel farther than large fragments.

Holds a microscope slide in position

Stage (slide) clip

Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?

Sucrose

Imagine that you wish to compare two different diets that will be fed to tadpoles raised in a lab. One diet is a meat-based fish food, and the other is the traditional diet of boiled lettuce. You want to see if the meat-based diet will be associated with an increase in the average weight of the tadpoles. In your experiment you keep all other factors, such as tadpole density per pan, temperature, pH, and the amount of food the same. The only difference between your control and experimental groups is the type of food the tadpoles receive. Which is a good hypothesis for this tadpole experiment?

Tadpoles will be larger if fed a meat-based diet.

A DNA fragment with 100 base pairs is smaller than a DNA fragment with 150 base pairs.

True

All carbohydrates must be converted to glucose to enter glycolysis or fermentation.

True

Ethidium bromide is a dye that is used to stain the gel and allows the DNA to be viewed under UV light.

True

Gel electrophoresis is an important tool used in biotechnology for forensics and paternity test.

True

Germinating soybeans will have a higher cellular respiration rate than non-germinating soybeans?

True

Under what environmental conditions do yeast carry out fermentation?

absence of oxygen

Plasma membranes are a feature of

all cells

Which type of process is alcoholic fermentation?

anaerobic

Before pouring the liquid agarose solution into the casting tray, you must first

apply tape to the two open ends of the casting tray

How is a respirometer used to measure fermentation?

by the size of the gas bubble produced

Contains a lens at the top of the body tube

eyepiece (ocular)

Eukaryotes such as animal and plants cells differ from prokaryotes in that prokaryotes

lack a true nucleus.

In gel electrophoresis, what is the agarose used for?

making the gel

Cellular respiration

oxidizes glucose and reduces oxygen

According to the results of the pillbug experiment,

pillbugs tend to prefer cornstarch over sand.

Yeast cells under anaerobic conditions

produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

Which of the following is the purpose of cellular respiration?

production of ATP


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