landbabb

"Abrasion" is to "striations", as "plucking" is to ______. a. rouche moutonnee b. erosion c. zone of ablation d. glacial sliding

a

A _____ high-latitude or high-altitude environment that is on the perimeter of a glaciated area. a. periglacial b. permafrost c. solifluction d. active layers

a

A geometric feature consisting of multiple sides formed by repeated annual freezing and thawing of sediments in a periglacial zone is called _____. a. ice-wedge polygons b. patterned ground c. pingos d. boulder fields

a

A landform that connects an island and the mainland is called a(n): a. tombolo b. sea stack c. headland d. barrier island

a

Alluvial fans form ________. a. where streams emerge from the mountains b. where streams flow into the ocean c. at bends in stream channels d. where streams merge with other streams

a

Antarctica has the highest altitude than all of the continents. a. True b. False

a

Barchans form in areas with strong unidirectional winds and a limited sand supply. a. True b. False

a

Because its U-shaped valley sits higher than the main valley, a waterfall typically forms at this location: a. hanging valley b. truncated spur c. glacial trough d. fjord

a

Calculate the depth at which a wave of oscillation will feel the bottom if its wavelength is 50 meters. a. 25 meters b. 2.5 meters c. 12.5 meters d. 125 meters

a

Deposition on an alluvial fan occurs: a. when the flow is no longer confined to the river walls b. when more water flows in the stream c. when there is lack of precipitation d. when both channel and water deepen

a

Drumlins are sometimes called whalebacks because they look like the backs of whales. a. True b. False

a

Dunes covered by vegetation probably indicates that the dune is: a. unstable b. active c. stable and non-active d. in transition from being unstable to stable

a

In a sandstorm, ___ is the dominant mode of particle movement. a. saltation b. suspension c. siltation d. laminar flow

a

No periglacial environments exist in southern Africa and Australia. a. True b. False

a

Saltating sand is part of the: a. bedload b. suspended load c. dissolved load d. muddy load

a

The Badlands exhibit: a. high drainage density b. radial drainage c. annular drainage d. trellis drainage

a

The _____ period is the gap between the most recent deglaciation and the next glacial period. a. interglacial b. Late Cenozoic Ice Age c. zone of ablation d. zone of accumulation

a

The combination of stratified drift and glacial till form this deposit: a. glacial drift b. esker c. drumlin d. moraine

a

The following conditions are favorable for the formation of additional glacial ice: a. when summer snow loss is less than winter snow gain b. when summer snow loss is greater than winter snow gain c. when summer snow gain is less than winter snow loss d. glacial ice forms in any season so long as conditions are cold enough

a

The following statement provides the correct order of events that take place when snow transforms into glacial ice: a. melting of outer points of snowflake; filling in of pore spaces; refreezing of meltwater b. filling in of pore spaces; melting of outer points of snowflake; refreezing of meltwater c. refreezing of meltwater; melting of outer points of snowflake; filling in of pore spaces d. melting of outer points of snowflake; refreezing of meltwater; filling in of pore space

a

The role of climate in influencing the development of landscapes is debatable. Generally, humid environments have more rounded landforms and desert environments have angular ones. a. True b. False

a

The soil above the permanently frozen table that undergoes annual freezing and thawing is the: a. active layer b. permafrost c. ice sheet d. alpine glacier

a

Waves, tides and currents influence the shape or form of a delta. a. True b. False

a

When does a wave oscillation become a wave of translation? a. when a wave interacts with the bottom of the ocean b. when waves die out and become smooth c. when a wave grows to twice its height d. when a wave enters a country with a different language

a

When juxtaposed alluvial fans join along a mountain front obscuring their the cone shapes, a(n) _____ forms. a. bajada or alluvial apron b. alluvial skirt c. alluvial flow d. convex hill sleeve

a

Which drainage pattern is common in the Midwest, such as with the Missouri and Ohio Rivers? a. dendritic b. trellis c. annular d. radial

a

Which is NOT a major factor in the development of tides on our planet? a. the tilt of the earth b. the rotation of earth c. the gravitational pull of the moon d. the gravitational pull of the sun

a

Which is typically the least important form of stream erosion? a. corrosion b. abrasion c. hydraulic action d. dissolution

a

____ are glacial deposits that have been picked up and carried by a glacier and then later deposited along its sides. a. lateral moraines b. medial moraines c. ground moraines d. terminal moraines

a

_____ occurs when rock debris carried by a glacier scrapes the bedrock. a. Abrasion b. Plucking c. Glacial creep d. Glacial sliding

a

A _____ forms when two glaciers have merged and its lateral moraines combine a. lateral moraine b. medial moraine c. ground moraine d. terminal moraine

b

A _____ is an elliptical hill made up of an ice core found in a periglacial zone. a. ice-wedge polygon b. pingo c. palsa d. solifluction

b

A flood with a recurrence interval of 100 years means that the flood occurs every 100 years. a. True b. False

b

According to John Hack, landscapes are in dynamic equilibrium when the slopes of hills and valleys change over time. a. True b. False

b

An area consisting of mudstones and shales will likely exhibit steeper slopes than those composed of hard metamorphic and igneous rocks: a. True b. False

b

Antarctica is: a. a large floating flat glacier b. large ice over a landmass with great mountain ranges c. the only ice that is still growing because it is located at the South Pole d. all of the above

b

Beaches: a. will grow during the winter b. will grow during the summer c. will shrink during the summer d. all of these

b

Coral Reefs and atolls are landforms produced by coastal deposition. a. True b. False

b

Deltas commonly form where a stream empties into larger streams. a. True b. False

b

Drowned river mouths characterize: a. emergent coasts b. submerged coasts c. high tide d. low tide

b

Ephemeral streams flow year round. a. True b. False

b

Fluvial landforms are all formed by stream erosion. a. True b. False

b

Glaciers are stationary bodies of ice that have been formed on land. a. True b. False

b

Loess deposits are from: a. dust blown from deserts b. dust blown from glacial deposits c. dust blown from barren periglacial environments d. dust blown from an exposed sea floor during glacial periods e. a, b, and c

b

Modest-sized, smooth, elliptical mounds resulting from ice sheets overriding glacial till and reshaping them are called ____. a. esker b. drumlin c. kettle d. kame

b

Mountain glaciers become progressively larger at low latitudes. a. True b. False

b

One way to distinguish glacial till from glacial outwash is by looking at the sorting and layering of the deposits. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: a. glacial till is poorly sorted; glacial outwash is well sorted b. glacial till is layered but are poorly sorted; glacial outwash is not layered but well sorted c. glacial till is not layered; glacial outwash is typically layered d. glacial outwash is layered; glacial till is poorly sorted

b

Sand grains are deposited on the ________ producing crossbeds as the sand dune migrates. a. windward slope b. slipface c. crest d. lower-angle side of a sand dune

b

Sea stacks indicate that deposition is occurring along the coast. a. True b. False

b

Sides of mountains are constantly being eroded away creating ____, sharp-pointed peaks at the top of mountains. a. cirques b. horns c. aretes d. rock steps

b

Stream capture usually results when two adjacent streams flood producing a single new stream a. True b. False

b

Stream discharge do not influence the shape or form of the delta. a. True b. False

b

Submergent coasts are related to: a. uplift tied to tectonic activity b. rising sea level c. sea level lowering d. submarines parked along the shoreline

b

The Black Hills of South Dakota exhibit _____ drainage. a. radial b. annular c. trellis d. dendritic

b

The _____ is the subsoil layer that is permanently frozen. a. active layer b. permafrost c. ice sheet d. alpine glacier

b

The alignment of the earth, sun, and moon will generate: a. neap tides b. spring tides c. both of these d. neither of these

b

The base of the Antarctic Ice Sheet currently sits 600 m (2000 ft) below sea level. As the climate warms, much of the ice will melt causing the ice sheet to isostatically rebound upward 600 m, which would result in: a. lowering global sea level b. raising global sea level c. causing global sea level to stay the same d. an initial rising followed by a subsequent lowering of global sea level

b

The period of a wave is defined as the number of waves occurring during a given period of time. a. True b. False

b

The points or horns of a barchan dune point: a. upwind b. downwind c. the direction from which the sand of the dune originates d. toward wet areas which prevent the sand from accumulating

b

The potential energy of water is greater in low lying areas than high relief areas. a. True b. False

b

The tidal range is usually greater a. along straight beaches b. in narrow estuaries and bays c. along wide beaches d. on shallow beaches

b

Usually, after flood control measures have been undertaken, it is safe to farm and build on a flood plain. a. True b. False

b

Water in a river with a large suspended load is more competent than a river moving large boulders. a. True b. False

b

Wave energies are concentrated on: a. the bays b. the headlands c. river mouths d. all of these

b

Waves hitting the beaches are normally weaker during: a. the winter b. the summer c. high tide d. tsunami events

b

When sediments carried by longshore drift extends into open water, this can form: a. atoll bar b. sandspit c. barrier island d. coral reef

b

Where on a meandering river is erosion the greatest? a. on the inside b. on the outside c. on the upstream side d. on the downstream side

b

Which drainage pattern is typical of the Cascade Mountains? a. dendritic b. radial c. annular d. trellis

b

Which typically carries the greatest amount of river sediment load? a. bed load b. suspended load c. dissolved load d. none of the above

b

Which would you expect to have a higher sediment yield? a. a draingage basin with shallow gradients b. a drainage basin with steeper gradients c. tributary stream covered with vegetation d. flat, dry watershed system

b

A ___ is a steep-sided depression formed in glacial till formed by the melting of a buried block of ice. a. esker b. drumlin c. kettle d. kame

c

A type of soil creep in which saturated soil and rock debris are saturated with water and flow in bulk as a single mass. a. periglacial b. permafrost c. solifluction d. active layers

c

A valley that has a distinct U-shape and form by erosion from a glacier is called a: a. hanging valley b. truncated spur c. glacial trough d. fjord

c

An important difference between desert and coastal dunes is that coastal dunes are often covered with _____ and are relatively ____. a. people, warm b. worms, cool c. vegetation, stable d. sand, unstable

c

As glaciers move downslope, they erode the bedrock leaving a knife-like, jagged ridge separating two glacial valleys. These ridges are called: a. cirques b. horns c. aretes d. rock steps

c

Cirque is to erosion as drumlins are to ______. a. erosion b. melting c. deposition d. accumulation

c

Crescent-shaped sand dunes that form along coastlines with some vegetation are called __ dunes. a. barchan b. traverse c. parabolic d. longitudinal

c

Flood deposits made up of the coarsest material form a(n) ___ along the flooded river. a. oxbow ridge b. bluff c. levee d. sand bar

c

For what is William Morris Davis known? a. dynamic equilibrium b. cycle of peneplanation c. cycle of erosion d. the Father of Geomorphology

c

Generally, the highest part of the dune is the: a. windward slope b. slipface c. crest d. trough

c

Of what are sea arches and stacks remnants? a. pits b. eskers c. headlands d. bays

c

Rip currents move water: a. up the beach b. along the beach c. out to sea d. up river mouths

c

Sandspits and baymouth bars develop due to: a. strong winds blowing sand up the beach b. winds blowing dune sand along the beaches c. longshore drift d. rip currents moving at an angle to beach

c

The Mississippi Delta is an example of a(n) _____ delta. a. classic b. circular c. birdfoot d. Big Muddy

c

The _____ zone is mostly exposed along the beach, extending from the high tide line to dunes. a. nearshore b. foreshore c. backshore d. longshore

c

The bending of waves so that they become nearly parallel to the coastline is termed: a. reflection b. diffraction c. refraction d. diffusion

c

The following terms describe the movement of rocks and rock fragments EXCEPT: a. frost heaving b. frost thrusting c. frost wedging d. solifluction

c

The horizontal movement of rocks and rock fragments within the active layer of the permafrost caused by the expansion of ice is known as: a. frost wedging b. frost heaving c. frost thrusting d. frost creep

c

The two glaciers that exist near the equator in Africa are: a. Mount Kibu and Mount Kilmanjaro b. Mount Kenya and Mount Mawenzi c. Mount Kilmanjaro and Mount Kenya d. No glaciers exist near the equator

c

These particles are more easily moved by wind: a. clays b. sand with greater than 1mm in diameter c. sand with a diameter of about 0.1 mm d. small pebbles

c

Transverse dunes are aligned: a. in the direction of prevailing winds b. with one end pointing upwind c. perpendicular to wind direction d. none of these

c

What kind of lake forms when a meander is cut off? a. meander lake b. kettle lake c. oxbow lake d. cut-off lake

c

When blocks of rock or fragments become attached to a glacier, picked up, and eroded away, it is termed _____. a. ablation b. deglaciation c. plucking d. glacial sliding

c

When rivers deposit sediments along the coast, these can form: a. rills b. cliffs c. deltas d. alluvial fans

c

Which drainage pattern is typical in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley Province? a. dendritic b. annular c. trellis d. radial e. irregular

c

Why are there gaps in the scientific literature of periglacial areas? a. Inuit eskimos forbid studies on their land b. weather conditions prohibit life to exist c. because of its remote location d. This statement is untrue. There is abundant literature of periglacial areas.

c

A _____ is a long, narrow inlet with steep-sided walls formed from a glacial trough that becomes inundated with ocean water a. hanging valley b. truncated spur c. glacial trough d. fjord

d

All are examples of the types of water that exist in the cryosphere EXCEPT: a. glaciers b. snow c. permafrost d. rivers

d

All the following are landforms associated with periglacial regions EXCEPT: a. ice-wedge polygons b. pingos c. patterned ground d. ice sheets

d

Beaches: a. end where the seas meet the land b. continue beneath the sea to depths where waves do not interact with the seafloor c. always end against dunes on the landward side d. continue beneath the surf

d

Commonly, a river is said to be graded when the longitudinal profile is _________and neither _______ or _______occurs. a. unstable; transport; erosion of channel floor b. stable; transport; erosion of channel floor c. unstable; aggradation; erosion of channel floor d. stable; aggradation; erosion of channel floor

d

Currents flowing along or parallel to the beach are termed: a. rip currents b. coastal currents c. density currents d. longshore currents

d

Every continent has alpine glaciers except: a. North America b. South America c. Africa d. Australia

d

Extremely large waves are generated by: a. short fetch b. short duration that wind blows c. variable wind directions d. none of these

d

Extrusive igneous structures include: a. volcanoes b. domes of sedimentary c. mesas and buttes d. both a and c

d

Generally, most of the sediments on beaches comes from: a. dunes b. organisms c. coastal cliffs d. rivers

d

Identify the erosional landform developed by streams. a. Mississippi delta b. Great Barrier Reef c. Colorado Plateau d. Grand Canyon

d

If the sediment supply to a river increases so much that it overwhelms the ability of the stream to carry the sediment, then _____ will occur. a. transport b. erosion c. flooding d. aggradation

d

Meandering channels are: a. straight b. branching c. dendritic d. sinuous

d

Stream terraces are formed when: a. episodic deposition of sediment occurs on the modern flood plain b. stream erosion flattened the channel floor c. steps form on the floodplain as sediment collapses into the river channel d. streams cut into their own deposits

d

The following techniques help scientists understand glacial episodes in North America EXCEPT: a. studying the stratigraphy of beds to determine glacial and interglacial periods b. oxygen-isotope analysis c. rates of accumulation of sediments d. hieroglyphics illustrating each glacial even

d

The following terms are related to the growth of ice sheets and alpine glaciers EXCEPT: a. Ice Age b. glaciation c. Late Cenozoic Ice Age d. deglaciation

d

The general term to describe the wastage of a glacier is called: a. melting b. evaporating c. calving d. ablation

d

The main force shaping coastal landforms is: a. currents b. rivers draining into oceans c. winds blowing along the coast d. waves

d

The upper surface of a glacier forms ____ when the brittle surface creates open fissures. a. basal ice b. rouche moutonnee c. alpine glaciers d. crevasses

d

When ice sheets break off to form icebergs, the process is called: a. plucking b. abrasion c. gravity pull d. calving

d

Where is a stream's load deposited? a. in the delta b. in the stream itself c. on the floodplain d. all of the above e. none of the above

d

Which of the following is more likely to underlie valleys? a. quartzite b. granite c. cemented sandstone d. mudstone

d

Which process is common in alluvial fan deposits? a. lava flow b. sand dune formation c. stream terrace uplift d. debris flows

d

Why was the Antarctic Ice Sheet the first continental glacier to develop? a. high latitude location b. low latitude location c. high overall elevation d. both (a) and (c)

d

Yardangs are formed when wind: a. removes all fine particles and exposes the flat bedrock b. deposits sand in the form of a ridge c. leaves a pavement of flat pebbles on the ground surface d. cuts troughs into soft bedrock leaving a ridge of that rock

d

The following is an erosional landform produced by winds: a. dune b. deflation hollows c. desert pavement d. yardang e. b, c and d

e

Which of the following influences rates of erosion in the drainage base? a. amount of precipitation b. relief c. lithology type d. human impacts e. all of these

e