Language Contact, Borrowing, and Analogy
hypercorrection
-earlier standard Eng ground, found, soun, non-standard groun, foun, soun -non-standard imitation of standard led to non-standard ground, found, sound
hypercorrection
-imitation and overly broad application of a prestigious variant of a form -need two variant pronunciations
extension
-late middle eng: (infin, past participle) riden, riden, writen, writen, hiden, hid -modern eng: ride, ridden, write, written, hide, hidden
levelling
-old french: aim, aimes, aimet, amons, amez, aiment -mod french: aime, aimes, aime, aimons, aimez, aiment
folk etymology
-reshaping to make word/morpheme look more like another word/morpheme to which it is mistakenly believed to be related -can happen w/ both borrowed and native words
sturtevant's paradox
-sound change happens regularly and can create grammatical irregularity -analogy happens irregularly and can create grammatical regularity
phonological borrowing
English word-initial [v] originated in loanwords from French
loan translation/calque
German word for oxygen, acid+substance
folk etymology
In Eng, Key West comes from the Spanish name cayo hueso, meaning key/small island bone
syntactic borrowing
Indian speakers often say I am knowing the answer rather than I know the answer
contamination
PIE newn, dekm>lat novem, decem
reanalysis
a napron>an apron
language area
a region in which not closely related languages have come to resemble each other over time due to being in contact for an extended period
blending
breakfast+lunch>brunch
folk etymology
brydguma (bride-man)>bridegroom, by analogy w/ etymologically unrelated groom
borrowing
copying words, sounds, grammatical constructions, etc. from one language to another
folk etymology
crevice>crayfish
folk etymology and contamination
femelle>female, by anaogy w/ etym unrelated male
adstrate relationship
if neither language in a bilingual soc is dominant, the situation is called
superstrate
in a bilingual soc, if the speakers of one lang are socially, politically, or otherwise dominant, the culturally dominant lang is called this
substrate
in a bilingual soc, if the speakers of one lang are socially, politically, or otherwise dominant, the culturally subordinate lang is called this
folk etymology
in which both borrowed and non-borrowed words are reshaped for semantic reasons
loanword
judge
loanword
kangaroo
loanwords
lexical borrowings that are most often single words
-need -prestige
motivations for borrowing
contamination
old Spanish siniestro left changed from Latin sinister on the left to take on ie under the influence of the antonym diestro, right, since diestro and siniestro frequently occurred together
backformation
pease (sing mass noun)>pea+-s (sing noun plus plural suffix)
blending
putting two words together to make a new word that reflects both meanings
backformation
reanalysis of a word consisting of root plus affix (when actually just root), leading to productive use of the postulated root morpheme
levelling
reduces/eliminates allomorphic variation w/in a paradigm
reanalysis/metanalysis
repositioning of morpheme boundaries that alters shape of morphemes
contamination
reshaping to make a word/morpheme look more like another word/morpheme with which it is somehow associated
loan shift
semantic borrowing in which a meaning is borrowed from another language without the form of the word being borrowed
loan translation/calque
semantic borrowing in which the idiomatic meaning of a phrase or a polymorphemic word is borrowed into a language, but the forms of the morphemes are translated
extension
spread of a paradigmatic pattern to a new lexical item
nativization
when borrowed lexemes and phrases are reshaped to fit the phonological and grammatical patterns of the borrowing language
