Language Contact, Borrowing, and Analogy

¡Supera tus tareas y exámenes ahora con Quizwiz!

hypercorrection

-earlier standard Eng ground, found, soun, non-standard groun, foun, soun -non-standard imitation of standard led to non-standard ground, found, sound

hypercorrection

-imitation and overly broad application of a prestigious variant of a form -need two variant pronunciations

extension

-late middle eng: (infin, past participle) riden, riden, writen, writen, hiden, hid -modern eng: ride, ridden, write, written, hide, hidden

levelling

-old french: aim, aimes, aimet, amons, amez, aiment -mod french: aime, aimes, aime, aimons, aimez, aiment

folk etymology

-reshaping to make word/morpheme look more like another word/morpheme to which it is mistakenly believed to be related -can happen w/ both borrowed and native words

sturtevant's paradox

-sound change happens regularly and can create grammatical irregularity -analogy happens irregularly and can create grammatical regularity

phonological borrowing

English word-initial [v] originated in loanwords from French

loan translation/calque

German word for oxygen, acid+substance

folk etymology

In Eng, Key West comes from the Spanish name cayo hueso, meaning key/small island bone

syntactic borrowing

Indian speakers often say I am knowing the answer rather than I know the answer

contamination

PIE newn, dekm>lat novem, decem

reanalysis

a napron>an apron

language area

a region in which not closely related languages have come to resemble each other over time due to being in contact for an extended period

blending

breakfast+lunch>brunch

folk etymology

brydguma (bride-man)>bridegroom, by analogy w/ etymologically unrelated groom

borrowing

copying words, sounds, grammatical constructions, etc. from one language to another

folk etymology

crevice>crayfish

folk etymology and contamination

femelle>female, by anaogy w/ etym unrelated male

adstrate relationship

if neither language in a bilingual soc is dominant, the situation is called

superstrate

in a bilingual soc, if the speakers of one lang are socially, politically, or otherwise dominant, the culturally dominant lang is called this

substrate

in a bilingual soc, if the speakers of one lang are socially, politically, or otherwise dominant, the culturally subordinate lang is called this

folk etymology

in which both borrowed and non-borrowed words are reshaped for semantic reasons

loanword

judge

loanword

kangaroo

loanwords

lexical borrowings that are most often single words

-need -prestige

motivations for borrowing

contamination

old Spanish siniestro left changed from Latin sinister on the left to take on ie under the influence of the antonym diestro, right, since diestro and siniestro frequently occurred together

backformation

pease (sing mass noun)>pea+-s (sing noun plus plural suffix)

blending

putting two words together to make a new word that reflects both meanings

backformation

reanalysis of a word consisting of root plus affix (when actually just root), leading to productive use of the postulated root morpheme

levelling

reduces/eliminates allomorphic variation w/in a paradigm

reanalysis/metanalysis

repositioning of morpheme boundaries that alters shape of morphemes

contamination

reshaping to make a word/morpheme look more like another word/morpheme with which it is somehow associated

loan shift

semantic borrowing in which a meaning is borrowed from another language without the form of the word being borrowed

loan translation/calque

semantic borrowing in which the idiomatic meaning of a phrase or a polymorphemic word is borrowed into a language, but the forms of the morphemes are translated

extension

spread of a paradigmatic pattern to a new lexical item

nativization

when borrowed lexemes and phrases are reshaped to fit the phonological and grammatical patterns of the borrowing language


Conjuntos de estudio relacionados

The Flag of the United States of America

View Set

EAQ Maternity & Women's Health Nursing Care of the Newborn

View Set

MindTap, Chapter 15 Video Case: Theo Chocolate

View Set

MGMT 3370 Test 2 (Ch. 7-12) Jerry Stevens Spring 2015 TTU

View Set