Language of Medicine: pt 4- Female Reproductive System

empty follicle that secretes progesterone (and estrogen) after ovulation -stimulated by hCG -that maintains the very first stages of pregnancy until about the 3rd month of pregnancy

Define corpus luteum, what stimulates it, and what its function is:

ducts which lead from each ovary to the uterus -each about 5 1/2 inches long and lie near each ovary -the finger-like ends of the fallopian tube are the fimbraie -small hairs that line the fallopian tube and sweep the ovum along are the cilia

Describe the fallopian tubes (aka oviduct):

contain a combination of estrogen and progesterone or progesterone only, that increase the levels of these hormones -this sends a signal to the pituitary gland to shut down its secretion of FSH and LH, resulting in the ovaries will not release eggs, and pregnancy cannot occur.

Describe the functions of oral contraceptives:

mensis = month -an ovum leaves the ovary, travels down one of two fallopian tubes to the uterus -if fertilization does not occur, the ovum remains unfertilized and eventually disintegrates. -hormone changes result in shedding of the uterine lining, causing the bleeding

Describe the general process of menstruation:

a pair of small almond-shaped organs -located in the pelvis -secrete various hormones (also hormones from the placenta) that stimulate the expansion of the placenta

Describe the ovaries:

an ovum matures -its follicle ruptures through the surface and releases the ovum from the ovary -a ruptured follicle fills with a yellow, fat-like material --> becomes corpus luteum

Describe the process of ovulation and the course of a follicle:

After an ovum leaves the ovary, it travels down one of two fallopian tubes leading to the uterus (womb). If coitus has occurred and sperm cells travel into the fallopian tube, they can penetrate the ovum = fertilization

Describe the steps of fertilization after the ovum leaves the ovary:

a fibromuscular organ situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum -normally the size and shape of a pear, about 3 inches long in nonpregnant women

Describe the uterus:

-the union of the ovum (female sex cell) and the sperm (male sex cell), with each sex cell (known as a gamete) has half the number of chromosomes needed to create a new organism. -In fertilization, nuclei of the two gamete unite to form a single nucleus with half of the chromosomes and genetic code from each parent

Describe what unites during sexual reproduction/fertilization:

hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone (until about 3 month, when placenta takes over)

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

thin membrane partially covering the entrance to the vagina

hymen

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)

laparoscopy

discharge of white vaginal secretion (also associated with cervicitis)

leukorrhea

procedure used to further assess and often treat abnormal cervical tissue

loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP)

LH influences the maintenance of the corpus luteum and its production of estrogen and progesterone

luteinizing hormone, LH (after ovulation)

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation -as LH and FSH levels rise in the bloodstream, each stimulate maturation of the ovum and ovulation

luteinizing hormone, LH (before ovulation)

what the mammary glands are composed of

mammary glands

surgical repair of the breast -includes reduction and augmentation (enlargement) operations

mammoplasty

inflammation of the breast -usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal infection

mastitis

heavy bleeding at and between menstrual periods

menometrorrhagia

gradual ending of menstruation -when all the ova are released and secretion of estrogen from the ovaries lessens and menstruation ends

menopause

-hot flashes (temperature regulation in the brain is disturbed) -insomnia -vaginal atrophy (lining of the vagina dries and thins, predisposing the affected woman to irritation and discomfort during sexual intercourse)

menopause s/s

profuse or prolonged menstrual periods occurring at regular intervals

menorrhagia

bleeding from the uterus at irregular intervals

metrorrhagia

cutting up uterine tissue in the abdomen -commonly performed when the uterus or fibroids are removed laparoscopically -contraindicated in situation of suspicious or pre-malignancy

morcellation

removal of a muscle tumor (fibroid) from the uterus

myomectomy

the middle, muscular layer of the uterine wall

myometrium

pertaining to the newborn -the interval from birth to 28 days

neonatal

the study of the care and treatment of the newborn

neonatology

Field of medicine dealing with pregnancy and delivery of the newborn Latin obstetrix means midwife

obstetrics

removal of an ovary to bear (phor/o) eggs (o/o)

oophorectomy

mature egg cell (female gamet) -develop from immature egg cells called oocytes

ova

developing sacs in the ovary that encloses the ovum -each follicle contains an ovum

ovarian follicles

the act of giving birth

parturition

the region between the vaginal orifice and the anus

perineum

Vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy -permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus

placenta

Hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women -sustains uterine lining and placenta during pregnancy

progesterone

point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced

puberty

the entire uterus with ligaments, supportive tissues, and the top one third of the vagina are removed

radical (complete) hysterectomy

surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes

salpingo-oophorectomy

the soft spot between the newborn's cranial bones

fontanelle

the rounded upper portion of the uterus

fundus

abnormal, persistent discharge of milk

galactorrhea

The period of development within the uterus

gestation or pregnancy

contains milk glands or lobules that develop in response to hormones from the ovaries during puberty

glandular tissue

organs in males (testes) and females (ovaries) that produce egg and sperm cells

gonads

the study of the female reproductive system (organs, hormones, and disease)

gynecology

condition of enlargement of breasts in a male

gynecomastia

implantation of the embryo in the endometrium

What is occurring in this image?

-rhythmic contractions, dilation and thinning (effacement) of the cervix & a discharge of bloody mucus from the cervix and vagina

What is the onset of labor marked by?

1. fetus 2. lactiferous ducts 3. gamets 4. gonads 5. adnexa uteri

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms:

given orally or as a transdermal patch or vaginal ring -relieves the symptoms of menopause and delays the development of weak bones (osteoporosis)

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

a small device designed to remain inside the uterus -prevents implantation of the embryo (fertilized egg)

Intrauterine device (IUD)

Glandular tissue -contains milk glands or lobules that develop in response to hormones from the ovaries during puberty Ducts - lactiferous (milk-carrying) Sinuses - cavities that carry milk to the nipple, which has small openings for the ducts to release their milk Fatty tissue

Label the structures of the breast and their functions (from top to bottom):

Ovary Fallopian tube Uterus Cul-de-sac Vagina Bartholin glands Clitoris Perineum

Label the structures of the female reproductive system, from top to bottom:

mons pubis clitoris urethral orifice vaginal orifice hymen Bartholin glands perineum anus labia minora labia majora

Label the structures of the vulva, from top left, down:

a partial hysterectomy that preserves the cervix (removal of the top part)

Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy

menstrual period: discharge of bloody fluid containing disintegrated endometrial cells, glandular secretions, and blood cells

Menstrual cycle: Days 1-5

ovulatory period: on about the 14th day of the cycle, the follicle ruptures and the egg leaves the ovary (ovulation), passing through the fallopian tube

Menstrual cycle: Days 13-14

The empty follicle fills with a yellow material and becomes the corpus luteum. -functions as an endocrine organ and secretes the hormone progesterone into the bloodstream -this hormone stimulates the building up of the lining of the uterus in anticipation of fertilization of the egg and pregnancy

Menstrual cycle: Days 15-28

after bleeding ceases, the endometrium begins to repair itself. -The maturing follicle in the ovary releases estrogen, which aids in the repair. -The ovum grows in the follicle during this period

Menstrual cycle: Days 6-12

Ovarian follicles Ovum Corpus luteum Ovary Utero-ovarian ligament Uterus Endometrium Myometrium Uterine serosa Cervix Vagina

Name the structures of the female reproductive system (from top, clockwise):

the hormones from the ovaries and the placenta stimulate glandular and other tissues in the breasts to their full development

What stimulate glandular and other tissues in the breasts to their full development during pregnancy?

premenstrual syndrome (PMS) -lowered levels of progesterone and estrogen are potentially responsible

PMS

1st-degree prolapse: the uterus descends into the vaginal canal. 2nd-degree prolapse: the body of the uterus is still within the vagina, but the cervix protrudes from the vaginal orifice (opening). 3rd-degree prolapse: the entire uterus projects outside the orifice.

Prolapse of the uterus (degrees)

-reaches the epigastric region by about 28-30 weeks

When does the growing uterus reach the epigastric region?

Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum) secreted by the pituitary gland

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

the removal of the entire uterus (fundus, corpus, cervix) through an abdominal incision

Total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)

the removal of the uterus through the vagina

Vaginal hysterectomy (VH)

-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) after the onset of menstruation -govern the reproductive functions of the ovaries, breasts, and uterus -during pregnancy, the high levels of estrogen and progesterone from the ovary and placenta cause this gland to stop producing FSH and LH (thus no additional eggs mature and ovulation cannot occur)

What does the pituitary gland secrete in regards to female reproductive functions? During pregnancy?

nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and blood vessels of the fetus are exchanged with the mother via this

What is exchanged via the umbilical cord?

marked by cervical erosions or ulcerations -appears as raw, red patches on the cervical mucosa

acute cervicitis

Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments -accessory structures of the uterus

adnexa uteri

no menstrual flow -absence of menses for 6 months or for more than three of the patient's normal menstrual cycles

amenorrhea

Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus

amnion

fluid that is contained within the amnion sac -produced by fetal membranes and the fetus

amniotic fluid

pertaining to no ovulation (egg is not released from the ovary)

anovulatory

two small, rounded mucus-secreting exocrine glands on either side of the vaginal orifice -mucous secretion lubricates the vagina

bartholin glands

destruction of (abnormal) tissue by burning -with chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument

cauterization

when the baby's head appears first -a normal delivery position

cephalic presentation

turning of the head of the fetus toward the cervix

cephalic version

inflammation of the cervix

cervicitis

the narrow, lowermost portion of the uterus -leads into the vagina

cervix

Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo -forms the fetal part of the placenta

chorion

an organ of sensitive, erectile tissue

clitoris

sexual intercourse

coitus

larger, central section of the uterus

corpus

Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac

culdocentesis

painful sexual intercourse

dyspareunia

stage in prenatal development from 2-8 weeks

embryo

the inner layer, a specialized epithelial mucosa of the uterus

endometrium

incision of the vulva -enlarges the vaginal orifice for delivery

episiotomy

hormone produced by the ovaries during pregnancy; promotes female secondary sex characteristics -builds up the endometrial lining

estrogen

the finger-like ends of the fallopian tube -these catch the egg after its release from the ovary

fimbraie

blocking (tying off in various ways) the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring

tubal ligation

the outer, membranous tissue layer of the uterus -this lining produces a watery, serum-like secretion

uterine serosa

the 3-inch-long muscular, mucosa-lined canal which leads to the outside of the body -cervical opening leads to this

vagina

inflammation of the vagina -bacteria and yeasts (usually Candida) commonly cause this infection. Use of antibiotic therapy may cause loss of normal vaginal bacteria, resulting in an environment allowing yeast to grow.

vaginitis

Chronic pain (with no identifiable cause) that affects the vulvar area (labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening)

vulvodynia

stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks

zygote