Last exam anatomy

Motor to one of the six extrinsic eye muscles (superior oblique muscle)

CN IV

hearing and equilibrium

CN VIII

The spinal cord extends from the ______________ of the ____________ of the occipital bone to the __________ of the vertebra. It terminates as the ____________ and gives off a bundle of nerve roots Called the _______________

Formen magnum; first or second lumbar; conus medullaris ; cauda equina

storage of fats and glucose

PSNS

diaphragm muscle

Phrenic nerve

The adjustment of the lens necessary for near vision

Accommodation

Refers to the irregularities in the surface of the lens or cornea

Astigmatism

The _________ ossicles transmit vibrations through the oval window

Auditory

You would expect the error of localization and the two-point discrimination threshold to be highest on the

Back

Which of the following types of papillae of the tongue does not house taste buds?

Filiform papillae

The cerebral cortex is the outer 2mm of _________ matter of the cerebrum

Gray

increased blood pressure

SNS

Anterior and lateral leg muscles and skin

Common fibular nerve

Is a large track of white matter that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Corpus callosum

Anterior thigh muscles, skin on anterior and medial thigh and leg

Femoral nerve

The main function of an axon is to

Generate and transmit signals in the form of action potentials

Which of the following cranial nerves is purely motor nerve?

Hypoglossal nerve

Changes the shape of the lens for near vision

PSNS

Construction of the pupils

PSNS

Increased micturition

PSNS

Medial thigh muscles, skin of superomedial thigh

Obturator nerve

The axons of the olfactory nerve synapse on neurons located in the

Olfactory bulb

Form the myelin sheath in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

decreased heart rate

PSNS

Which of the following spaces around the spinal cord is filled with cerebrospinal fluid?

Subarachnoid space

What are the three branches given off by a spinal nerve and where do they travel?

The posterior rami serve the skin, joints, and musculature of the posterior trunk. The meningeal branches service spinal structures in the vertebral cavity. the anterior rami travel anteriorly to supply the trunk and upper and lower limbs

What is the difference between an excitatory postsynaptic potential in and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential

An excitatory postsynaptic potential creates a local depolarization in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron that bring it closer to threshold. An inhibitor post synaptic potential does the opposite; it hyperpolarizes the membrane and brings it farther away from threshold

Anchor neurons and blood vessels, maintain extracellular environment around neurons, assist in the formation of the blood brain barrier.

Astrocytes

Olfaction (smell)

CN I

vision

CN II

Motor to four of the six extrinsic eye muscles, dilates the pupil, opens the eye, changes the shape of the lens

CN III

-Motor to the muscles of swallowing; taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

CN IX

Sensory to face, motor to muscles of mastication

CN V

Motor to one of six extrinsic eye muscles (lateral rectus muscle)

CN VI

Motor to the muscles of facial expression, taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

CN VII

Motor to the muscles of swallowing and speaking, motor to the thoracic and abdominal viscera

CN X

Motor to the trapezius pieces and sternocleidomastoid muscles

CN XI

Motor to the tongue

CN XII

The outer, tough meninx around the brain

Dura matter

Ciliated cells in the CNS that form and circulate Cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells

An action potential is generated at the

Trigger zone of the axon

Muscles of the forearm that flex hand, most intrinsic hand muscles, skin on medial hand

Ulnar nerve

Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the inner ear or the ____________ nerve

Vestibulocochlear nerve

The fluid in the anterior cavity is known as ________, whereas the fluid in the posterior cavity is known as

aqueous humor and vitreous humor

The structures of the cochlea are responsible for ____, whereas the structures of the saccule and utricle are responsible for _________ equilibrium and semicircular ducts and ampulla are responsible for ______ equilibrium

hearing, static and rotational

Gluteus Maximus muscle

inferior gluteal nerve

What triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles?

influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal.

phagocytic cells of the CNS

microglia cells

What does the brain stem consist of?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

The pharyngotympanic tube connects the ___________ to the __________

middle ear, pharynx

Rods are responsible for _________, whereas the cones are responsible for ____________

peripheral and dim light vision; high acuity color vision

surround cell bodies of neurons in the PNS

satellite cells

What are the four main regions of the brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

Smell and taste are considered

chemosenses

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the

choroid plexus

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the

choroid plexuses

The structure where the optic nerves meet and partially exchange axons is called the

Optic chiasma

Number the events of a reflex arc from 1 through 5 last.

1.) sensory receptor detects the stimulus 2.) sensory neurons bring the stimulus to the CNS 3.) CNS processes and integrates the information 4.) CNS sends output via motor neurons to an effector 5.) the muscle contracts

Gray matter consist of

Cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

The ____________ monitors ongoing movement to reduce motor error

Cerebellum

Inability to feel the skin over the anterolateral thigh

Damage lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Inability to dorisflex the foot

Damage to common fibular nerve

inability to breathe

Damage to phrenic nerve

Inability to extend the forearm and hand

Damage to radial nerve

Abdominal muscles, skin of the abdomen

Intercostal nerves

Muscles on the posterior arm that extend the forearm, muscles of the forearm that extend the hand, skin on lateral hand

Radial nerve

Decreased secretion from digestive glands

SNS

dialation of bronchioles

SNS

Create the myelin sheath in the PNS

Schwann cells

The _____ extrinsic eye muscles move the eyeball

Six

Where are synaptic vesicles located?

axon terminals

Gray matter consists of

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons