Last exam anatomy
Motor to one of the six extrinsic eye muscles (superior oblique muscle)
CN IV
hearing and equilibrium
CN VIII
The spinal cord extends from the ______________ of the ____________ of the occipital bone to the __________ of the vertebra. It terminates as the ____________ and gives off a bundle of nerve roots Called the _______________
Formen magnum; first or second lumbar; conus medullaris ; cauda equina
storage of fats and glucose
PSNS
diaphragm muscle
Phrenic nerve
The adjustment of the lens necessary for near vision
Accommodation
Refers to the irregularities in the surface of the lens or cornea
Astigmatism
The _________ ossicles transmit vibrations through the oval window
Auditory
You would expect the error of localization and the two-point discrimination threshold to be highest on the
Back
Which of the following types of papillae of the tongue does not house taste buds?
Filiform papillae
The cerebral cortex is the outer 2mm of _________ matter of the cerebrum
Gray
increased blood pressure
SNS
Anterior and lateral leg muscles and skin
Common fibular nerve
Is a large track of white matter that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Anterior thigh muscles, skin on anterior and medial thigh and leg
Femoral nerve
The main function of an axon is to
Generate and transmit signals in the form of action potentials
Which of the following cranial nerves is purely motor nerve?
Hypoglossal nerve
Changes the shape of the lens for near vision
PSNS
Construction of the pupils
PSNS
Increased micturition
PSNS
Medial thigh muscles, skin of superomedial thigh
Obturator nerve
The axons of the olfactory nerve synapse on neurons located in the
Olfactory bulb
Form the myelin sheath in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
decreased heart rate
PSNS
Which of the following spaces around the spinal cord is filled with cerebrospinal fluid?
Subarachnoid space
What are the three branches given off by a spinal nerve and where do they travel?
The posterior rami serve the skin, joints, and musculature of the posterior trunk. The meningeal branches service spinal structures in the vertebral cavity. the anterior rami travel anteriorly to supply the trunk and upper and lower limbs
What is the difference between an excitatory postsynaptic potential in and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential
An excitatory postsynaptic potential creates a local depolarization in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron that bring it closer to threshold. An inhibitor post synaptic potential does the opposite; it hyperpolarizes the membrane and brings it farther away from threshold
Anchor neurons and blood vessels, maintain extracellular environment around neurons, assist in the formation of the blood brain barrier.
Astrocytes
Olfaction (smell)
CN I
vision
CN II
Motor to four of the six extrinsic eye muscles, dilates the pupil, opens the eye, changes the shape of the lens
CN III
-Motor to the muscles of swallowing; taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
CN IX
Sensory to face, motor to muscles of mastication
CN V
Motor to one of six extrinsic eye muscles (lateral rectus muscle)
CN VI
Motor to the muscles of facial expression, taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
CN VII
Motor to the muscles of swallowing and speaking, motor to the thoracic and abdominal viscera
CN X
Motor to the trapezius pieces and sternocleidomastoid muscles
CN XI
Motor to the tongue
CN XII
The outer, tough meninx around the brain
Dura matter
Ciliated cells in the CNS that form and circulate Cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
An action potential is generated at the
Trigger zone of the axon
Muscles of the forearm that flex hand, most intrinsic hand muscles, skin on medial hand
Ulnar nerve
Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the inner ear or the ____________ nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
The fluid in the anterior cavity is known as ________, whereas the fluid in the posterior cavity is known as
aqueous humor and vitreous humor
The structures of the cochlea are responsible for ____, whereas the structures of the saccule and utricle are responsible for _________ equilibrium and semicircular ducts and ampulla are responsible for ______ equilibrium
hearing, static and rotational
Gluteus Maximus muscle
inferior gluteal nerve
What triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles?
influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal.
phagocytic cells of the CNS
microglia cells
What does the brain stem consist of?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
The pharyngotympanic tube connects the ___________ to the __________
middle ear, pharynx
Rods are responsible for _________, whereas the cones are responsible for ____________
peripheral and dim light vision; high acuity color vision
surround cell bodies of neurons in the PNS
satellite cells
What are the four main regions of the brain?
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
Smell and taste are considered
chemosenses
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the
choroid plexus
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the
choroid plexuses
The structure where the optic nerves meet and partially exchange axons is called the
Optic chiasma
Number the events of a reflex arc from 1 through 5 last.
1.) sensory receptor detects the stimulus 2.) sensory neurons bring the stimulus to the CNS 3.) CNS processes and integrates the information 4.) CNS sends output via motor neurons to an effector 5.) the muscle contracts
Gray matter consist of
Cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
The ____________ monitors ongoing movement to reduce motor error
Cerebellum
Inability to feel the skin over the anterolateral thigh
Damage lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Inability to dorisflex the foot
Damage to common fibular nerve
inability to breathe
Damage to phrenic nerve
Inability to extend the forearm and hand
Damage to radial nerve
Abdominal muscles, skin of the abdomen
Intercostal nerves
Muscles on the posterior arm that extend the forearm, muscles of the forearm that extend the hand, skin on lateral hand
Radial nerve
Decreased secretion from digestive glands
SNS
dialation of bronchioles
SNS
Create the myelin sheath in the PNS
Schwann cells
The _____ extrinsic eye muscles move the eyeball
Six
Where are synaptic vesicles located?
axon terminals
Gray matter consists of
cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons