Last test
Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa's symptoms are most likely to be relieved by ________ drugs.
Antipsychotic
Psychological research on the principles of learning (classical/operant conditioning, etc.) has most directly influenced the development of
Behavior therapy
Of the following individuals, who is most likely to benefit from therapeutic drugs that block receptor sites for dopamine?
Betsy, who hears imaginary voices telling her she will soon be killed
Benny's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving the 3-year-old his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. The mother's strategy best illustrates
Counter conditioning
Kammy vividly imagines being abused by her own mother while her therapist triggers eye movements by waving a finger in front of Kammy's eyes. The therapist is apparently using a technique known as
EMDR
Instead of focusing on the cure of psychological disorders, ________ therapies seek to promote personal growth and self-fulfillment
Humanistic
Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help
Jerome overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax.
Psychotherapy is MOST likely to be effective in freeing
Jim from an excessive fear of giving speeches in public
Mr. McCardle's excessive feelings of helplessness and despondency are periodically interrupted by episodes in which he experiences extreme feelings of personal power and a grandiose optimism about his future. Which drug would most likely be prescribed to alleviate his symptoms?
Lithium
Preventive mental health is based on the assumption that psychological disorders result from
Stressful social situations
Meta-analysis refers to
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies
The double-blind procedure involves
a procedure in which neither patients nor health care staff know whether a given patient is receiving a drug or a placebo.
When Murli told his therapist, "I came to see what you could do for me," the therapist responded, "It sounds like you're feeling you need some help. Am I right?" The therapist's response illustrates the technique of
active listening
Which drugs are designed to depress central nervous system activity?
antianxiety drugs
Antidepressant drugs are increasingly being prescribed for the treatment of
anxiety disorders
Systematic desensitization involves
associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli
In a therapeutic setting, a client who wants to lose weight eats some favorite foods laced with a nausea-producing drug. Yet, outside the therapist's office, the client knows he or she can eat those foods without fear of nausea. This awareness contributes to the limited effectiveness of
aversive conditioning
Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients
become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses
Cindy suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, "No, Cindy, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting." Cindy's therapist sounds most like a ________ therapist
behavior
Ron is a 22-year-old mechanic who suffers from claustrophobia. The most effective way to treat Ron's problem would involve ________ therapy.
behavior
The practice of ________ is based on the application of operant conditioning principles.
behavior modification
Lithium has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of
bipolar disorder
According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the
blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy
As a psychotherapist, Dr. Buist does not analyze people's motives or diagnose the nature of their difficulties because he believes that they are in the best position to diagnose and solve their own problems. Dr. Buist's position is most characteristic of ________ therapy.
client-centered
Which approach emphasizes the importance of providing patients with feelings of unconditional acceptance?
client-centered therapy
Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that:
clients are generally satisfied with the effectiveness of therapy
Natasha claimed that her failure to get A's in all her courses meant she was incompetent. Her therapist calmly challenged this assertion, commenting, "By your strange calculations, well over 90 percent of all students are incompetent!" The therapist's response was most typical of a ________ therapist.
cognitive
Dr. Jackson reinforces depressed patients for their participation in pleasant activities and trains them to take increasingly more credit for the rewards they gain from engaging in those activities. Dr. Jackson's treatment approach best illustrates
cognitive behavioral therapy
Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events?
cognitive therapy
In classical conditioning therapies, maladaptive symptoms are usually considered to be
conditioned responses
Cognitive therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of
depression
Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of
depression
Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of
depression
The biomedical treatment most widely used today is
drug therapy
Deep-brain stimulation involves the implantation of ________ into the cortex.
electrodes
Group therapy is typically more effective than individual therapy for
enabling people to discover that others have problems similar to their own
After performing a meta-analysis of some 475 psychotherapy outcome studies, Smith and her colleagues reported in 1980 that
evidence supports the efficacy of psychotherapy.
Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of
exposure therapies
When Molly told her therapist about her frightening car accident, the therapist instructed her to close her eyes and verbalize any further thoughts stimulated by this experience, even if they were scary or embarrassing. The therapist was making use of a technique known as
free association
Insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by
increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief for those who suffer from seasonal affective disorder?
light exposure therapy
Inserting a medical instrument through each eye socket was part of a treatment known as
lobotomy
One possible explanation for the delayed effect of antidepressant drugs is that the increased availability of serotonin seems to promote
neurogenesis
Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients
often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy
Mr. Quinones, a fifth-grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Quinones' classroom strategy illustrates an application of
operant conditioning
Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of
phobias
The beneficial consequence of a person's expecting that a treatment will be therapeutic is known as
placebo effect
Dr. Miller prescribes drugs for the treatment of chronic depression, and she encourages rest and relaxation training for clients suffering from excessive anxiety. It is most likely that Dr. Miller is a
psychiatrist
Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as
psychoanalysis
The interpretation of dreams is most closely associated with
psychoanalysis
Which form of therapy is most likely to be criticized for offering interpretations that cannot be proven or disproven?
psychoanalysis
Nate's past relationships with his mother, his former wife, and his previous employer have been characterized by common patterns of resentment and emotional detachment. Helping Nate gain insight into these recurring relationship patterns would be of greatest concern to a
psychodynamic therapist
The study of the effect of drugs on mind and behavior is called:
psychopharmacology
The best outcome studies for evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy typically use
randomized clinical trials
Gina is so fearful of taking tests for her AP courses that she experiences mild anxiety when registering for an AP course, intense anxiety when studying for a test, and extreme anxiety when answering actual test questions. Her greatest fear, however, is experienced while waiting for a teacher to hand out tests. During the process of systematically desensitizing her test anxiety, the therapist is likely to ask Gina first to imagine
registering for an AP course
Although Shawn felt terribly depressed when he began psychotherapy, he was much happier by the time he had completed therapy. It would be reasonable to attribute some of his improvement to
regression toward the mean
Which of the following biomedical treatments provides some of the benefits of ECT without triggering seizures or memory loss?
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of
schizophrenia
Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are called SSRIs because they
slow the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses.
The construction of an anxiety hierarchy and training in relaxation are important aspects of
systematic desensitization
Which of the following techniques is derived from classical conditioning principles?
systematic desensitization
Long-term use of certain antipsychotic drugs can produce involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. This menacing condition is known as
tardive dyskinesia
Clients often stay in touch with their psychotherapists only if satisfied with the treatment they received. This helps us understand why therapists
tend to overestimate the effectiveness of psychotherapy
Therapy outcome studies indicate that highly religious people may prefer and benefit from
therapists with similar religious beliefs.
Lynn has begun to buy small gifts for her therapist, and she feels extremely jealous of the time he spends with his other patients. To a psychoanalyst, this is most indicative of
transference
The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as
transference
Carl Rogers referred to a caring, nonjudgmental attitude as
unconditional positive regard
A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who
uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches
After discontinuing heavy use of an antianxiety drug, Angela experienced increased anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Angela was experiencing symptoms of
withdrawal