Last test

Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa's symptoms are most likely to be relieved by ________ drugs.

Antipsychotic

Psychological research on the principles of learning (classical/operant conditioning, etc.) has most directly influenced the development of

Behavior therapy

Of the following individuals, who is most likely to benefit from therapeutic drugs that block receptor sites for dopamine?

Betsy, who hears imaginary voices telling her she will soon be killed

Benny's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving the 3-year-old his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. The mother's strategy best illustrates

Counter conditioning

Kammy vividly imagines being abused by her own mother while her therapist triggers eye movements by waving a finger in front of Kammy's eyes. The therapist is apparently using a technique known as

EMDR

Instead of focusing on the cure of psychological disorders, ________ therapies seek to promote personal growth and self-fulfillment

Humanistic

Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help

Jerome overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax.

Psychotherapy is MOST likely to be effective in freeing

Jim from an excessive fear of giving speeches in public

Mr. McCardle's excessive feelings of helplessness and despondency are periodically interrupted by episodes in which he experiences extreme feelings of personal power and a grandiose optimism about his future. Which drug would most likely be prescribed to alleviate his symptoms?

Lithium

Preventive mental health is based on the assumption that psychological disorders result from

Stressful social situations

Meta-analysis refers to

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies

The double-blind procedure involves

a procedure in which neither patients nor health care staff know whether a given patient is receiving a drug or a placebo.

When Murli told his therapist, "I came to see what you could do for me," the therapist responded, "It sounds like you're feeling you need some help. Am I right?" The therapist's response illustrates the technique of

active listening

Which drugs are designed to depress central nervous system activity?

antianxiety drugs

Antidepressant drugs are increasingly being prescribed for the treatment of

anxiety disorders

Systematic desensitization involves

associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli

In a therapeutic setting, a client who wants to lose weight eats some favorite foods laced with a nausea-producing drug. Yet, outside the therapist's office, the client knows he or she can eat those foods without fear of nausea. This awareness contributes to the limited effectiveness of

aversive conditioning

Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients

become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses

Cindy suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, "No, Cindy, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting." Cindy's therapist sounds most like a ________ therapist

behavior

Ron is a 22-year-old mechanic who suffers from claustrophobia. The most effective way to treat Ron's problem would involve ________ therapy.

behavior

The practice of ________ is based on the application of operant conditioning principles.

behavior modification

Lithium has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of

bipolar disorder

According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the

blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy

As a psychotherapist, Dr. Buist does not analyze people's motives or diagnose the nature of their difficulties because he believes that they are in the best position to diagnose and solve their own problems. Dr. Buist's position is most characteristic of ________ therapy.

client-centered

Which approach emphasizes the importance of providing patients with feelings of unconditional acceptance?

client-centered therapy

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that:

clients are generally satisfied with the effectiveness of therapy

Natasha claimed that her failure to get A's in all her courses meant she was incompetent. Her therapist calmly challenged this assertion, commenting, "By your strange calculations, well over 90 percent of all students are incompetent!" The therapist's response was most typical of a ________ therapist.

cognitive

Dr. Jackson reinforces depressed patients for their participation in pleasant activities and trains them to take increasingly more credit for the rewards they gain from engaging in those activities. Dr. Jackson's treatment approach best illustrates

cognitive behavioral therapy

Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events?

cognitive therapy

In classical conditioning therapies, maladaptive symptoms are usually considered to be

conditioned responses

Cognitive therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of

depression

Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of

depression

Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of

depression

The biomedical treatment most widely used today is

drug therapy

Deep-brain stimulation involves the implantation of ________ into the cortex.

electrodes

Group therapy is typically more effective than individual therapy for

enabling people to discover that others have problems similar to their own

After performing a meta-analysis of some 475 psychotherapy outcome studies, Smith and her colleagues reported in 1980 that

evidence supports the efficacy of psychotherapy.

Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of

exposure therapies

When Molly told her therapist about her frightening car accident, the therapist instructed her to close her eyes and verbalize any further thoughts stimulated by this experience, even if they were scary or embarrassing. The therapist was making use of a technique known as

free association

Insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by

increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief for those who suffer from seasonal affective disorder?

light exposure therapy

Inserting a medical instrument through each eye socket was part of a treatment known as

lobotomy

One possible explanation for the delayed effect of antidepressant drugs is that the increased availability of serotonin seems to promote

neurogenesis

Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients

often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy

Mr. Quinones, a fifth-grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Quinones' classroom strategy illustrates an application of

operant conditioning

Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of

phobias

The beneficial consequence of a person's expecting that a treatment will be therapeutic is known as

placebo effect

Dr. Miller prescribes drugs for the treatment of chronic depression, and she encourages rest and relaxation training for clients suffering from excessive anxiety. It is most likely that Dr. Miller is a

psychiatrist

Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as

psychoanalysis

The interpretation of dreams is most closely associated with

psychoanalysis

Which form of therapy is most likely to be criticized for offering interpretations that cannot be proven or disproven?

psychoanalysis

Nate's past relationships with his mother, his former wife, and his previous employer have been characterized by common patterns of resentment and emotional detachment. Helping Nate gain insight into these recurring relationship patterns would be of greatest concern to a

psychodynamic therapist

The study of the effect of drugs on mind and behavior is called:

psychopharmacology

The best outcome studies for evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy typically use

randomized clinical trials

Gina is so fearful of taking tests for her AP courses that she experiences mild anxiety when registering for an AP course, intense anxiety when studying for a test, and extreme anxiety when answering actual test questions. Her greatest fear, however, is experienced while waiting for a teacher to hand out tests. During the process of systematically desensitizing her test anxiety, the therapist is likely to ask Gina first to imagine

registering for an AP course

Although Shawn felt terribly depressed when he began psychotherapy, he was much happier by the time he had completed therapy. It would be reasonable to attribute some of his improvement to

regression toward the mean

Which of the following biomedical treatments provides some of the benefits of ECT without triggering seizures or memory loss?

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of

schizophrenia

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are called SSRIs because they

slow the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses.

The construction of an anxiety hierarchy and training in relaxation are important aspects of

systematic desensitization

Which of the following techniques is derived from classical conditioning principles?

systematic desensitization

Long-term use of certain antipsychotic drugs can produce involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. This menacing condition is known as

tardive dyskinesia

Clients often stay in touch with their psychotherapists only if satisfied with the treatment they received. This helps us understand why therapists

tend to overestimate the effectiveness of psychotherapy

Therapy outcome studies indicate that highly religious people may prefer and benefit from

therapists with similar religious beliefs.

Lynn has begun to buy small gifts for her therapist, and she feels extremely jealous of the time he spends with his other patients. To a psychoanalyst, this is most indicative of

transference

The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as

transference

Carl Rogers referred to a caring, nonjudgmental attitude as

unconditional positive regard

A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who

uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches

After discontinuing heavy use of an antianxiety drug, Angela experienced increased anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Angela was experiencing symptoms of

withdrawal