LDSP330: Final Exam Study Guide
Thomas & Inkson: Russian Leadership
Autocratic... influenced by centralized authority
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Indian political history
British colonial rule led to intellectual revolution... diversity in assimilating into Indian habits of the heart
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Indian leadership values
ability to adapt and assimilate... benevolent paternalism... emphasis on spirituality vs materialism & economic rationality... emphasis on duty (India) vs. rights (west)
Confuciansim
appropriateness... 5 constant virtues/moral values: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, fidelity... 4 ideological virtues: class system (no women), obedience, doctrine of the mean, humanity/relationship
GLOBE: Humane orientation
degree to which a culture encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others
GLOBE: Institutional collectivism
degree to which an organization or a society encourages institutional or societal collective action
GLOBE: Gender egalitarianism
degree to which an organization or society minimizes gender role differences and promotes gender equality
GLOBE: Participative leadership
degree to which leaders involve others in making and implementing decisions... includes being participative and non-autocratic
GLOBE: Power distance
degree to which members of a group expect and agree that power should be shared unequally
GLOBE: Assertiveness
degree to which people are determined, assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their social relationships
GLOBE: In-group collectivism
degree to which people express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organization or families
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Distinctive Russian leadership characteristics
delivery of extraordinary results; demonstrate superior ability; leaders exempt from rules; caregiver to common people; assertive
Confucian Asia Global Cluster
devoted and loyal to families, performance-oriented; Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, South Korea, & Japan; self-protective & team-oriented
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Chinese and American Cultural Conflicts
difference of opinion on : Chinese way of face-saving, filial piety, hierarchical social orders... American way of short-term orientation
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: How Indian leadership differs from Western leadership
lack of "killer instinct;" individualism, creativity, innovation, and speediness are lackluster (changing now); collectivism
Thomas & Inkson: Overseas Chinese
loyalty to patriarch... influenced by Confucianism
Latin Europe Global Cluster
moderate, low humane orientation, high institutional collectivism, high performance orientation; Israel, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France; charismatic leadership
GLOBE: Team-oriented leadership
team building and a common purpose among team members... collaborative, integrative, diplomatic, non-malevolent, administratively competent
Hofstede vs. GLOBE
-Power distance=> Power Distance -Uncertainty avoidance=> uncertainty avoidance -Individualism/Collectivism=> institutionalism collectivism & in-group collectivism -Masculinity/Femininity=> Assertiveness, Performance orientation, gender egalitarianism, & humane orientation -Long-term/Short-term Orientation=> Future orientation
Number of leaderships GLOBE has identified
22
Bagshaw on Culture and Leadership
American leadership is not universal... leadership is context-contingent (culture is aspect of context)... leadership is a group/social phenomenon (not trait/behavior theory based)... leadership is dynamic... leadership is purposive... leadership is an influence process (not coercive in nature)... influence is an attempt to affect the thinking to enlist the will of followers... ability to influence depends on power resources... value of persuasion/communication
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Chinese Philosophical/Religious Influences
Chinese cosmology (holistic worldview and leadership)... Confucianism (appropriateness)... Taoism (Dao & balance)... Buddhism ( Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path)
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Chinese Leadership Model
Chinese paternalistic model... good leaders: balance conservativeness and aggressiveness, combine the West to the East, are visionary, open-minded, change agents, humane, intelligent, balance between the tradition and the modern
Tian's Take on Culture and Leadership
Culture is different, but has similarities... leadership is influenced by culture... globalization leads to hybridization of culture (hybridization of leadership)... Need for hybridized leaders... cultural context is important for leadership style
Cultural Intelligence Model
Cyclical process of four steps: motivation/drive, knowledge, make plans/strategize, action
Taoism
Dao & Balance... follow the law of the nature/universe; yin (women/moon) and yang (men/sun) balance; good relationship between nature and humans; leading through non-leading; long-term oriented; uncertainty tolerant; longevity/immortality; peace, harmony, non-aggressiveness
Thomas & Inkson on Culture and Leadership
Find motivators within a culture... search for best way to lead... leading styles universally classified as relationship and task oriented
Buddhism
Four Noble Truths: suffering is apart of existence; origin of suffering is craving for sensuality, acquisition of identity and annihilation; suffering can be ended; following the Noble Eightfold Path is means to end suffering... Noble Eightfold Path: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration
GLOBE Project
Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness research program started in 1991... currently involves more than 160 investigators using a variety of quantitative ways to study 62 cultures... primary purpose of project is to increase our understanding of cross-cultural interactions and the impact of culture on leadership effectiveness
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Chinese Mythologies
Huang Di (the Yellow Emperor), Qin Shihuang (the First Emperor), Xi Wang Me (Queen of the West), Ba Xian (the Eight Immortals), The Monkey King, Guan Yin (Goddess of Mercy)
State created Russian Mythology
Oleg the Visionary: 10th century Russian King, expanded Russian territory, brutal fighter... Stalin: combination of tradition Russian myths with 20th century reality, discovered Marxism (supernatural power, intillegent
Thomas & Inkson: French Leadership
Paternalistic and charismatic... influenced by hierarchy
Proto-Slavik Folklore
Perun: brutality and aggression, high power distance, ability to produce miracles... Medieval Russian folklore: hero-like with help from supernatural... folk heroes rooted in Russian land, tradition, emphasizing strength, lack sophistication, will & determination, benevolent
Contemporary Russian Myths
Peter the Great: combination of traditional Russian hero attributes with contemporary Russian ideals of good leadership, modernized country... Putin: greatest political leader of the new Russia, patriot, King to Russians, miracle maker, pragmatic, more human attributes
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Factors shaping cultural mythology in Russia
Proto-Slavik folklore; state-sponsored myths; corporate leadership myths
Movie: Outsourced
Todd's company moves to India due to globalization... culture shock... clashes of different culture... overcame obstacles through hybridization
Hinduism
Trinity of Gods: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer)... Rama: nurturing leadership style... Krishna: pragmatic leadership... Dharma: duty... Gita: aware of the importance of followers' needs
Universally bad leadership traits
asocial, malevolent, self-focused
Cultural Intelligence (CQ)
capacity to work effectively in culturally diverse environment... some may be more genetically inclined to be more flexible cross-culturally
Eastern Europe Global Cluster
collective, gender egalitarian, assertive; Greece, Hungary, Albania, Slovenia, Poland, Russia; autonomous and self-protective leadership
Anglo Global Cluster
competitive and results oriented; Canada, US, Australia, Ireland, England, South Africa, & New Zealand; Charismatic/value based leadership, participative, & humane
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Russian mythology-based leadership characteristics
divine qualities (high power distance between the leader and follower); ability to deliver miracles; responsibility to God rather than to followers; myths create leaders, leaders create new myths, these new myths create new leaders
GLOBE: Humane Oriented Leadership
emphasis on supportive, considerate, compassionate, generous... includes modesty and sensitivity to other people
GLOBE: Self-protective leadership
ensure the safety and security of the leader and the group... includes leadership that is self-centered, status conscious, conflict inducing, face saving, procedural
GLOBE: Uncertainty avoidance
extent to which a society relies on established social norms, rituals, and to avoid uncertainty... extent to which society uses structure and rules to make things more predictable
Globalization, culture, cultural mythology, and leadership
globalization creates context for cross-cultural interactions spearheaded by leaders of organizations... culture is an integral consideration in globalization... mythology is the vehicle for accessing the multiple facets of different cultures... mythology shapes collective expectations and characteristics of leaders
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Indian culture and leadership applied to Hofstede
high degree of power inequality (caste system)... low level of individualism... masculine... lower level of uncertainty avoidance... high in long0term orientation (Karma)
Nordic Europe Global Cluster
high future orientation, gender egalitarianism, institutional collectivism, uncertainty avoidance; Denmark, Finland, Sweden; Charismatic/value based, participative
Sub-Saharan African Global Cluster
high in humane orientation, family over self; Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, Nigeria, South Africa; humane oriented leadership
Southern Asia Global Cluster
high in humane orientation, in-group collectivism; Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Thailand, Iran; self-protective leadership
Germanic Europe Global Cluster
high in performance orientation, assertiveness, future orientation, uncertainty avoidance; Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany; autonomous leadership
Middle East Global Cluster
high in-group collectivism, low on future orientation, gender egalitarianism, uncertainty avoidance; Qatar, Morocco, Egypt, Kuwait, Turkey; self-protective leadership
Russian leadership according to GLOBE
high in-group collectivism, power distance... low uncertainty tolerance, short-term oriented... high in team-oriented and participative
Universally good leadership traits
high integrity, charismatic/value based and has interpersonal skills
Russian leadership according to Hofstede
high power distance, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation... low individualism, masculinity, indulgence
Chinese Cosmology
holistic worldview and leadership... organic process; leadership is contextual; right time, right place, right opportunities, right people; leadership changes; no binary separation of good and evil
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Distinctive Chinese leadership characteristics
human concern, moral leadership, conformity, reciprocalism, paternalism, contextual, hybridizing the West and the East
Latin America Global Cluster
in-group collectivism, low on performance orientation, future orientation, institutional collectivism, uncertainty avoidance; Ecuador, El Salvador, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Argentina, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Mexico; charismatic/value based leadership
GLOBE: Autonomous leadership
independent and individualistic leadership
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Distinctive Indian leadership characteristics
nurturing, paternalistic, task orientation
GLOBE: Performance orientation
organization or a society encourages and rewards group members for improved performance and excellence
GLOBE: Future orientation
people engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification
Thomas & Inkson: Japanese leadership
reciprocalism... influenced by Amae (indulgent love)
GLOBE: Charismatic/value-based leadership
reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance from others based on strongly held core values
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: Factors shaping Indian culture/mythology
religion (Hinduism), cultural context, history
Stalin's leadership implication on traditional and state myths
shares characteristics of Russian folklore heroes, brings modern features, popularized Red Directors
Thomas & Inkson: Arabian leadership
sheikhocracy... influenced by Islamic and tranbal tradition
GLOBE's major contributions to cross-cultural leadership studies
studies have generated a large number of findings on the relationship between culture and leadership... GLOBE researchers developed their own classification of cultural dimensions
Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership: US
superhero mentality... high individualism, high masculinity, low power distance... atoning for a grivous past injustices vs. creating a just and fair society... moving to post-heroic leadership