Leadership and Change
An individual's tendency to exert effort toward task accomplishment depends partly on the strength of his/her motive to achieve success. This concept is called: A. problem solving. B. customer orientation. C. relationship building. D. achievement orientation.
achievement orientation
Which of the following statements is most likely true about active listening? A. An active listener will generally be thinking about the next thing to say. B. Active listeners usually disrupt the sender's message with questions and comments. C. Active listeners put the sender's message into their own words to improve understanding. D. Effective leaders are naturally good at active listening, which is a skill that cannot be developed.
active listeners put the sender's message into their own words to improve understanding
_____ is an effort to attain objectives by attacking or hurting others. A. Acquiescence B. Aggression C. Autonomy D. Assertiveness
aggression
Which of the following is most likely an example of a non-contingent reward? A. Performance bonus B. Annual salary C. Monthly commission D. Stock options
annual salary
Which of the following would most likely result in consistently higher effort and performance? A. Assigning goals that are both specific and difficult B. Having goals that are very difficult to achieve C. Assigning "do your best" goals D. Having multiple goals
assigning goals that are both specific and difficult
Performance is best described as: A. the likelihood that behaviors will be repeated without reward. B. judgments about the adequacy or inadequacy of behavior. C. behaviors directed toward the organization's mission. D. how much an individual enjoys a work activity.
behaviors directed toward the organization's mission
Which statement about empowerment and the operant approach is most likely true? A. The situation is almost always fixed, and followers are the only variables important in the performance equation. B. By changing the situation, leaders can enhance followers' motivation, performance, and satisfaction. C. Restructuring work processes and procedures generally has little effect on follower's motivational levels. D. Most followers enjoy the challenge of doing things in new ways and feel immediately empowered.
by changing the situation, leaders can enhance followers motivation, performance, and satisfaction
_____ use a graphic approach to systematically represent the root causes of a problem, the relationships between different causes, and sometimes a prioritization of which causes are most important. A. Cause analysis approaches B. Force field analysis C. Cause-and-effect diagrams D. Root-cause diagrams
cause-and-effect diagrams
The degree to which someone tells others something and ensures that they understand what was said is called: A. active communication. B. expression effectiveness. C. the intention component. D. communication effectiveness.
communication effectiveness
Which questions is most relevant to the task variable of team design? A. Are there too few or too many team members? B. Does the team have a meaningful piece of work? C. Has the team leader established a flexible climate? D. Does the team have an appropriate amount of diversity?
does the team have a meaningful piece of work
Which of the following statements about goals is most likely FALSE? A. Determining just how challenging to make goals creates a dilemma for many leaders. B. Goal commitment is likely to increase with follower participation in goal setting. C. Followers exert the greatest effort when goals are accompanied by feedback. D. Easily attainable goals result in higher levels of effort and performance.
easily attainable goals result in higher levels of effort and performance
Which of the following involves making judgments about the adequacy of behavior with respect to certain criteria such as work-group or organizational goals? A. Reliability B. Responsiveness C. Performance D. Effectiveness
effectiveness
Which of the following is a possible solution for groupthink? A. Increasing group cohesiveness and engaging in more over-bounding techniques. B. Isolating the group from outside sources which might bias decision making. C. Establishing an independent subgroup to make recommendations. D. Using mindguards to screen negative input from the group.
establishing an independent subgroup to make recommendations
A firm with a "pay for performance" culture that distributes bonuses and commissions for results obtained is most likely using the empowerment approach to motivate employees.
false
According to Brockner, fairness in the workplace makes intuitive sense and is present in most organizations.
false
Leaders that use operant principles to motivate workers should limit themselves to administering organizationally sanctioned rewards and punishments, which are most effective at motivating followers.
false
Leaders with a large span of control tend to display more consideration and use more personal approaches when influencing followers.
false
Most leaders prefer appealing to their employees' personal values or giving them something meaningful to do.
false
Teams operate most effectively under one fixed type of authority over time.
false
a force field analysis is an idea-generating activity conducted in a group setting to formulate creative solutions to a problem
false
according to herzberg's theory, followers will exert additional effort if leaders improve working conditions and pay
false
according to research, a strong correlation exists between the amount of money an organization spends on motivational programs and motivational speakers and the firms revenues and market share
false
credibility is made up of three components: expertise, commitment, relationships
false
dysfunctional turnover occurs when experienced executives retire or substandard performers are fired
false
in the team leadership model (TLM), the four process measures of effectiveness are good leverage points for fixing a problem
false
informal, personal communication is improved when the leader and follower are separated by a desk
false
job satisfaction surveys are most useful when compared to a dissimilar reference group, such as an organization of a different size or one in another industry
false
leader-member exchange has not changed in the last twenty years
false
leaders in the second quadrant of the credibility matrix most likely joined the company from an entirely different industry
false
role conflict occurs whenever leaders or followers are unclear about what they need to do and how they should do it
false
social contact is better satisfied by organizations than by groups
false
task-oriented behavior is adequate for accomplishing long-term objectives
false
the abilene paradox occurs when leaders are assertive but unclear with subordinates
false
the best listeners are passive listeners because they do not interrupt the speaker
false
the first stage of problem solving is analyzing the causes of the problem
false
the normative decision model has been established as an all-encompassing theory
false
the normative decision model shifts focus away from the situation and the followers to the leader
false
the ____ stage of development of groups is characterized by polite conversation, the gathering of superficial information about fellow members and low trust
forming
Which of the following assesses the overall degree to which employees are satisfied with their organization and their job? A. Hygiene factors B. Facet satisfaction item C. Global satisfaction item D. Motivators
global satisfaction item
What are the most powerful determinants of task behaviors according to Locke and Latham? A. Values B. Goals C. Abilities D. Needs
goals
the sum of forces that attract members to a group, provide resistance to leaving it, and motivate them to be active in it is called
group cohesion
Which term refers to interactions among team members, such as how they communicate with each other?
group dynamics
which term refers to the set of expected behaviors associated with a particular job or position
group role
A leader in the first quadrant of the credibility matrix has a _____ of trust and a _____ of expertise. A. low level; low level B. low level; high level C. high level; high level D. high level; low level
high level; high level
Which of the following is NOT a macro psychological component that underlies empowerment? A. Motivation B. Influence C. Learning D. Stress
influence
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events according to the systems view of communication? A. Intention, reception, expression, feedback, interpretation, new intentions. B. Intention, expression, reception, interpretation, feedback, new intentions. C. New intentions, reception, expression, intention, interpretation, feedback. D. Expression, new intention, feedback, interpretation, reception, intention.
intention, expression, reception, interpretation, feedback, new intentions
Which of the following reflects the degree to which people are given information about different reward procedures and are treated with dignity and respect? A. Decentralization B. Interactional justice C. Empowerment D. Distributive justice
interactional justice
Receiving conflicting information from two or more people about their expectations for your work behavior reflects: A. intersender role conflict. B. intrasender role conflict. C. interrole conflict. D. person-role conflict.
intersender role conflict
A manager makes the following statement to a subordinate, "I need this report back in five minutes, and it had better be perfect." Which term best describes this type of role conflict? A. Interrole conflict B. Intrasender role conflict C. Person-role conflict D. Intersender role conflict
intrasender role conflict
The _____ component of assertiveness skills concerns knowing where and when not to behave assertively. A. evaluative B. behavioral C. knowledge D. assertive
knowledge
Which statement best summarizes the components of empowerment as defined by the authors? A. Leaders delegate leadership and decision making down to the lowest level possible and equip followers with the resources, knowledge, and skills necessary to make good decisions. B. Leaders articulate a vision and specific goals and hold followers responsible for achieving them. C. Followers act as entrepreneurs and owners who question rules and make intelligent decisions. D. Empowerment is a bottom-up approach that focuses on intelligent risk taking, growth, change, trust, and ownership.
leaders delegate leadership and decision making down to the lowest level possible and equip followers with the resources, knowledge, and skills to make good decisions
Which of the following is the LEAST likely way to increase assertiveness? A. Using first-person pronouns when speaking B. Learning to say "yes" to others more often C. Having self-talk that is positive and affirming D. Being persistent when seeking objectives
learning to say "yes" to others more often
One limitation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is that it fails to: A. consider an individual's higher order needs. B. place enough emphasis on an individual's lower order needs. C. address the general nature of the various types of basic human needs. D. make specific predictions as to how individuals will satisfy their needs.
make specific predictions as to how individuals will satisfy their needs
In terms of the underlying causes of performance problems, leaders seem to have the most difficulty recognizing and rectifying: A. motivation problems. B. unclear expectations. C. employee skill deficits. D. resource shortages.
motivation problems
Using the example of starting a new exercise program, which of the following would be a restraining force in a force field analysis? A. Dissatisfaction with appearance B. Coworkers entering a 10K run C. No regular exercise partner D. Concern for health
no regular exercise partner
the clear emergence of a leader and the development of group norms and cohesiveness are the key indicators of the ____ stage of group development
norming
_____ are the informal rules that groups adopt to regulate and regularize group members behaviors
norms
functional, interdependent roles are characteristic of which stage of group development
performing
what type of conflict most likely occurs when a store manager encourages a salesperson to mislead customers about the quality of the store's products if deception is inconsistent with the salespersons's values and beliefs
person-role conflict
the inefficiencies created by more and more people working together is called
process losses
What is the main reason for people staying with organizations? A. Job evaluations based on 360-feedback B. Frequent development opportunities C. Use of pay-for-performance systems D. Promises of long-term employment
promises of long-term employment
What is the LEAST likely way that a leader could improve team effectiveness? A. Putting subtle pressure on dissenting members of the team to ensure concept cohesiveness B. Designing input-stage variables at the individual, organizational, and team design levels C. Ensuring that the team has a clear sense of purpose and performance expectations D. Providing coaching while the team is performing its task
putting subtle pressure on dissenting members of the team to ensure concept cohesiveness
Which of the following most likely occurs when leaders articulate high expectations for followers? A. Hawthorne effect B. Pygmalion effect C. Golem effect D. Hierarchy effect
pygmalion effect
at the organizational level, the TLM suggests that leaders examine the ____ that may be impacting the team
reward systems
Molly, a member of a product development team, is most likely experiencing _____ if she wonders, "Just what am I supposed to be doing?" A. role ambiguity B. role conflict C. role overload D. role insufficiency
role ambiguity
_____ refers to any time people increase their level of work due to the presence of others
social facilitation
the phenonmenon of reduced effort by people when they are not individually accountable for their work is referred to as
social loafing
For a team to do well, the individuals composing the team must sometimes not maximize their individual effort. This is referred to as: A. subsystem nonoptimization. B. limited span of control. C. organizational process loss. D. intersender role conflict.
subsystem nonoptimization
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor? A. Recognition B. Responsibility C. Supervision D. Advancement
supervision
in comparing teams and group members, which statement is most likely true A. Team members can readily identify who is and who is not on the team; identifying members of a group may be more difficult. B. Group members have common goals; teams may not have the same degree of consensus about goals. C. Group members often have more differentiated and specialized roles than team members. D. Task interdependence typically is greater with groups than with teams.
team members can readily identify who is and who is not on the team; identifying members of a group may be more difficult
Which of the following statements is NOT accurate concerning listening? A. The best listeners are passive listeners. B. Active listening demonstrates respect for others. C. Listening to others is just as important as expressing oneself clearly to them. D. Much of the information leaders have comes from listening to what goes on around them.
the best listeners are passive listeners
Which of the following is one of the motivators described in Herzberg's two-factor theory? A. Working conditions B. The work itself C. Co-workers D. Job security
the work itself
Leaders who are new college hires most likely fall into which of the following quadrants of the credibility matrix? A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth
third
Design is often the most frequently omitted step in teamwork that occurs in traditional organizations
true
Leaders are more likely to be successful when introducing change if they address and capitalize on followers' emotions.
true
Leaders can influence team effectiveness by providing frequent coaching while the team is performing its task.
true
Studies that suggest that if firms could get almost 4% more work out of each employee, the GDP in the US would increase by $355 billion
true
With Situational Leadership, follower readiness refers to a follower's ability and willingness to accomplish a particular task.
true
With role ambiguity, the problem is lack of clarity about just what the expectations are.
true
Worker productivity and job dissatisfaction in the United States are at an all-time high.
true
a leader's credo should describe what they leader believes in and will or will not stand for
true
according to McClelland, difference in achievement orientation are a key reason why people differ in the levels of effort they exert to accomplish assignments, objectives, and goals
true
according to the normative decision model, acceptance of a decision is not always critical for implementation
true
an active listener uses paraphrasing to improve understanding
true
an outsider to a group often is able to learn more about norms than an insider
true
communication effectiveness is the degree to which someone tells others something and ensures that they understand what was said
true
companies that spend more time and effort attracting, developing, and retaining the best people often report superior financial results
true
groups are characterized by mutual interaction and reciprocal influence
true
highly cohesive groups are likely to be characterized by low absenteeism and low turnover
true
in maslows hierarchy, physiological and security needs must be satisfied before belongingness or esteem needs are pursued
true
in surveys of job satisfaction, a facet satisfaction item asks about particular aspects of the job such as pay or working conditions
true
leaders should praise followers in public and punish them in private
true
norms can be imported from the organization existing outside the team
true
procedural justice involves the process in which rewards or punishments are administered
true
studies show that credibility is one of the most important components of leadership success
true
the concept of motivation helps explain differences seen among people in terms of the energy and direction of their behavior
true
the hierarchy effect occurs when upper-level employees have higher global and facet satisfaction ratings than lower-level employees in the organization
true
using instruments such as the campbell interest and skills survey to select personnel may help a team's effort level from an individual perspective
true
volunteering to help another employee with a task or project is an example of organizational citizenship behavior
true
all of the following are ways leaders can improve communication skills EXCEPT: a. knowing the purpose of the message b. choosing an appropriate medium c. using constructive sarcasm d. sending clear signals
using constructive sarcasm