Leadership Skills Test 4

Women occupy what approximate percentage of all management and professional positions in American organizations? A. 50% B. 70% C. 10% D. 40%

A. 50%

Developing a more ______ style of leadership can help reduce gender stereotypes and biases within organizations. A. Androgynous B. Servant C. Feminine D. anti-masculine

A. Androgynous

Which ethical leadership principle is a clear example of altruism? A. Ethical leaders serve others. B. Ethical leaders respect others. C. Ethical leaders build community. D. Ethical leaders are just.

A. Ethical leaders serve others.

Research on gender and leadership has been conducted primarily in ______. A. Western contexts B. Eastern European contexts C. Predominantly wealthy populations D. predominately white organizations

A. Western contexts

Training and development programs in followership are ______. A. are predicted to become more important B. widely available in the consulting industry C. currently more popular than leadership training programs D. all based on the work of Kellerman

A. are predicted to become more important

Agentic characteristics include ______. A. assertiveness B. sensitivity C. warmth D. conscientiousness

A. assertiveness

Studying followership helps to ______ our understanding of leadership. A. complete B. simplify C. reverse D. rationalize

A. complete

The definition of what constitutes a team ______. A. continues to evolve B. has remained stable across time C. is universal D. is easily defined

A. continues to evolve

According to Chaleff, followers need to have the ______ to support and challenge the leader. A. courage B. impulsiveness C. intelligence D. skills

A. courage

Women are often confronted with ______, or the need to be masculine but not too masculine. A. cross-pressures B. work-home conflict C. style and effectiveness differences D. work experience inefficiencies

A. cross-pressures

In the Hill Model for Team Leadership, ______ refers to the cohesiveness of the team along with team members satisfying their own needs. A. development B. commitment C. performance D. recognition

A. development

Ethics has its roots in the Greek word ______. A. ethos B. eros C. pathos D. logos

A. ethos

McGrath describes forecasting environmental changes as part of _______. A. external monitoring B. internal monitoring C. internal action D. external action

A. external monitoring

The impact of followers on organizations ______. A. has not been studied or scrutinized until recently B. has historically received more attention than the impact of leaders C. has resulted in many volumes of published literature D. has been empirically proven to drive organizational outcomes

A. has not been studied or scrutinized until recently

According to research, the incongruity between the leadership role and the female gender role is ______. A. Increasing B. Decreasing C. Variable D. remaining the same

B. Decreasing

What ethical leadership principle is concerned with being open and representing reality as fully and completely as possible? A. Ethical leader serve others B. Ethical leaders are honest C. Ethical leaders respect others D. Ethical leaders are just

B. Ethical leaders are honest

Leaders can assess their teams' effectiveness using which leadership questionnaire? A. Team Effectiveness and Relational Maintenance Questionnaire B. Team Excellence and Collaborative Team Leader Questionnaire C. Task and Relational Decision-Making for Team Leaders Questionnaire D. Shared Team Leadership Questionnaire

B. Team Excellence and Collaborative Team Leader Questionnaire

External leadership actions are considered ______. A. task B. environmental C. situational D. relational

B. environmental

Ethical leadership was found to be positively related to followers' perceptions of a leader's ______. A. moral compass B. fairness C. abilities D. intelligence

B. fairness

A team is a type of organizational group composed of members who are ______. A. independent B. interdependent C. in-groupers D. experienced facilitators

B. interdependent

The study of followership is ______. A. 21st-century trend that will soon end B. just as important as the study of leadership C. more important than the study of leadership D. less important than the study of leadership

B. just as important as the study of leadership

Research suggests that followers who exhibit the "dark triad" of traits can be especially harmful for organizations. What traits make up the dark triad? A. independent, competitive, and confrontational B. narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy C. egocentric, ethnocentric, and narcissistic D. passive, submissive, and non-committed

B. narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy

Some of the current followership literature challenges us to take leadership ______. A. more seriously B. off its pedestal C. to a global level D. in a new direction

B. off its pedestal

In which level of moral development do individuals judge morality actions by their direct consequences? A. universal morality B. preconventional morality C. conventional morality D. postconventional morality

B. preconventional morality

What reasons exist for women's underrepresentation in leadership roles? A. lack of human capital, lower educational levels, mommy track focus B. prejudice, lack of human capital, and gender differences C. human capital differences, lower emotional maturity, and prejudice D. stereotypes, prejudice, and lower education levels

B. prejudice, lack of human capital, and gender differences

According to Lipman-Blumen, leaders with dysfunctional personal characteristics and who engage in destructive behaviors are known as ______ leaders. A. authoritarian B. toxic C. alluring D. charismatic

B. toxic

Approximately what percentage of all privately owned businesses are owned by women? A. 10% B. 30% C. 40% D. 20%

C. 40%

The five principles of ethical leadership can be traced back to ____. A. Julius Ceasar B. King George III C. Aristotle D. Christopher Columbus

C. Aristotle

In which ethical leadership principle does the leader place issues of fairness at the center of their decision making? A. Ethical leaders are honest. B. Ethical leaders build community. C. Ethical leaders are just. D. Ethical leaders respect others.

C. Ethical leaders are just.

The most recognized followership typology has been offered by _______. A. Chaleff B. Heifetz C. Kelley D. Kellerman

C. Kelley

The team leadership model has been criticized for ___. A. Failing to recognize external environmental factors B. Ignoring the idea that leadership can be shared C. Relying on unrefined research findings D. Only applying to non-profit organizations

C. Relying on unrefined research findings

Research has found that gender bias related to leadership is often ______. A. multi-dimensional B. Complex C. Subtle D. Overt

C. Subtle

The ethical issues presented on the concept of leadership ethics provide ______. A. clear prescriptions for leading ethically B. a universal leadership ethics theory C. a guide to ethical issues in leadership situations D. a model of how ethics works

C. a guide to ethical issues in leadership situations

Research findings have suggested that women tend to lead in a more ______ than men. A. interpersonal style B. egalitarian style C. democratic style D. directive style

C. democratic style

In Zaleznik's typology of followers, follower behaviors can be charted along which two scales A. competent-incompetent and committed-uncommitted B. task-technical and relationship-adaptive C. dominant-submissive and active-passive D. critical-uncritical and supportive-unsupportive

C. dominant-submissive and active-passive

When a leader uses skills to improve the task performance effectiveness of the team, they are using ______. A. external leadership action processes B. internal relational leadership actions C. internal task leadership actions D. environmental leadership monitoring

C. internal task leadership actions

Teamwork is an example of ______ decision making. A. hierarchical B. vertical C. lateral D. traditional

C. lateral

Women are more likely to use terms such as ______ instead of leader to describe themselves. A. Partner B. Encourager C. Friend D. Facilitator

D. Facilitator

Which scholar used their experience as a political scientist to inform their thinking about the importance of followers? A. Lipman-Blumen B. Kelley C. Uhl-Bien D. Kellerman

D. Kellerman

Burns's perspective on ethical leadership stems from his work in which other leadership approach? A. Servant B. Adaptive C. Leader-member exchange D. Transformational

D. Transformational

One cannot be a leader without being ______. A. focused on winning B. experienced in using authority C. in a strong position of power D. aware of one's values

D. aware of one's values

Cognitive shortcuts that influence the way people process information regarding groups and group members are defined as ______. A. agentics B. ethnocentrism C. prejudices D. stereotypes

D. stereotypes

A primary question researchers are now asking is "Why do women want to lead?" T/F?

False

A role-based perspective assumes that followership is co-created by the leader and follower. T/F?

False

A strength of the team leadership approach is that it presents team leadership as a simple process. T/F?

False

Ethical egoism is concerned with doing the greatest good for the greatest number. T/F?

False

Gender stereotypes are easy to change. T/F?

False

Millennials are more likely than older workers to respond to ethical appeals to do the right thing for the organization. T/F?

False

Research shows that male leaders are more effective in crisis situations. T/F?

False

Team leadership is a simple process. T/F?

False

The ethics of leaders have little impact on the ethical climate of their organizations. T/F?

False

The literature on followership offers a description of what good and bad followers do and don't do. T/F?

False

The number of women who successfully navigate the labyrinth has stalled. T/F?

False

Zaleznik developed a typology that can help followers act in ways that keep leaders from abusing their power. T/F?

False

A global phenomenon whereby women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-level and lower authority leadership positions defines the ______.

Gender gap in leadership

______ occurs when a leader's behaviors match the team's needs.

Requisite Variety

A recently proposed theory of followership includes followership characteristics, leader characteristics, followership and leadership behaviors, and followership outcomes. T/F?

True

A toxic leader is characterized by playing to followers' basest fears. T/F?

True

Changes in organizational culture are needed if women hope to advance to prominent leadership roles. T/F?

True

Developing and promoting women leaders is in the best interest of employers. T/F?

True

Ethical theory provides a system of rules or principles that guide us in making decisions about what is right or wrong. T/F?

True

Ethics is concerned primarily with what leaders do and who leaders are. T/F?

True

Ethics should be applied to all people at all levels within the organization. T/F?

True

Few followership studies exist because leadership has been applauded by society, while followership has been frowned upon. T/F?

True

Followership literature has been criticized for its heavy reliance on personal observations and anecdotal evidence. T/F?

True

Followership research provides a means for understanding why harmful or toxic leadership occurs and sometimes goes unrestrained. T/F?

True

Many studies have shown that organizations often have higher standards of performance and effort for women than they do for men. T/F?

True

Networking and advocating are examples of external team leadership actions. T/F?

True

Promoting women to leadership roles leads to more ethical, productive, and innovative organizations. T/F?

True

Research data suggests the gender gap in leadership is starting to close. T/F?

True

Research on ethical leadership clearly demonstrates benefits to organizations. T/F?

True

Team-based organizations have faster response capabilities because of their flatter structures. T/F?

True

The team leadership approach has been criticized for being more descriptive than prescriptive. T/F?

True

The team leadership approach is designed to be used in real-life work groups. T/F?

True

The team leadership model can be compared to effective sports teams. T/F?

True

The team leadership model provides the leader or a designated team member with a mental road map to diagnose team problems. T/F?

True

Women are more likely than men to take on informal leadership roles. T/F?

True

Women hold approximately ______ of Fortune 500 CEO positions. a. 5% b. 15% c. 35% d. 25%

a. 5%

Altruistic service behaviors include ______. a. listening and self-promoting b. mentoring and empowering c. empathy and support d. honesty and respect

a. listening and self-promoting

The fact that recent leadership literature has now focused more explicitly on followership than ever before is considered a ______. a. strength of followership studies b. scholarly trend on the decline c. conflict with leadership studies d. weakness of followership studies

a. strength of followership studies

External environmental actions include ______.

advocating

Research indicates that when team leaders fill out leader questionnaires, they tend to ______. a. underestimate others' effectiveness b. overestimate their own effectiveness c. underestimate their own effectiveness d. overestimate others' effectiveness

b. overestimate their own effectiveness

Lipman-Blumen argues that unhealthy followership is caused by subordinates' need to feel ______. a. right b. safe c. goal-driven d. famous

b. safe

Having a common goal that both the leader and followers agree on is central to which ethical leadership principle? a. Ethical leaders are just. b. Ethical leaders serve others. c. Ethical leaders build community. d. Ethical leaders respect others.

c. Ethical leaders build community.

What scholar is known for describing how people think about moral issues in terms of stages of development? a. Crain b. Plato c. Kohlberg d. Heifetz

c. Kohlberg

Theoretical formulations of leadership ethics ______. a. emerge organically from other leadership approaches b. have existed for centuries c. are a relatively new topic of scholarly research d. are seen as mostly unnecessary

c. are a relatively new topic of scholarly research

Uhl-Bien et al.'s theory of followership explicitly includes which elements in their model? a. situations, tasks, and relationships b. skills, culture, and ethics c. characteristics, behaviors, and outcomes d. context, interactions, and support

c. characteristics, behaviors, and outcomes

In which level of moral development do individuals judge the morality of actions by social expectations? a. universal morality b. postconventional morality c. conventional morality d. preconventional morality

c. conventional morality

In Zaleznik's typology of followers, follower behaviors can be charted along which two scales? a. competent-incompetent and committed-uncommitted b. critical-uncritical and supportive-unsupportive c. dominant-submissive and active-passive task-technical and relationship-adaptive

c. dominant-submissive and active-passive

In the Hill Model for Team Leadership, leadership decisions should ensure team ______. a. satisfaction b. compliance c. effectiveness d. cohesion

c. effectiveness

Research on gender and leadership has ______. a. universal validity b. widespread generalizability c. limited generalizability d. several limitations

c. limited generalizability

Which of the following is most accurate about women and law degrees? a. Women and men earn law degrees and rise to partner positions at equal rates. b. Women earn about 10% of all law degrees in the U.S. c. Women are half as likely as men to graduate with a law degree d. Women earn half of all law degrees but comprise less than a quarter of partners.

d. Women earn half of all law degrees but comprise less than a quarter of partners.

A strength of studying research on gender and leadership is ______.

it can help promote more women into top leadership positions

Research on gender and leadership gained traction in the ______.

1970s

The team leadership model has been criticized for not taking into account ______. A. individual differences of team leaders B. all elements of shared leadership C. its oversimplified view of teams D. cognitive processes of members

A. individual differences of team leaders

If we truly want to close the gender gap in leadership, changes must occur at which levels? A. individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal B. task, role, organizational, societal C. company, corporate, and global headquarters D. personal, professional, relational

A. individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal

One strength of the team leadership model is ______. A. its application to real-life organizations B. it provides specific answers to specific problems C. its focus on individual differences to team leaders D. its complexity

A. its application to real-life organizations

When studying ethics and leadership, ethical theories fall into which two broad domains? A. leader character and conduct B. leader behavior and traits C. leader conduct and behavior D. leader character and traits

A. leader character and conduct

Which of the following leader characteristics is a variable in Uhl-Bien et al.'s theoretical model of followership? A. leader power B. leader ethics C. Intelligence D. Charisma

A. leader power

A leader's ______ is their ability to see and interpret the team's experiences. A. mental model B. leader complexity C. behavioral flexibility D. requisite variety

A. mental model

What are the two critical functions of team effectiveness in the Hill Model? A. performance and development B. performance and leader outcomes C. leadership outcomes and analysis D. development and analysis

A. performance and development

Destructive leadership thrives in environments that are ______. A. unstable B. stable C. ethical D. utilitarian

A. unstable

What are two types of responses women often have when they face gender-based leadership stereotype? A. vulnerability and stereotype-countering behaviors B. navigation and inspirational motivation C. homosocial reproduction and negotiating D. fight and flight behaviors

A. vulnerability and stereotype-countering behaviors

Recent research has shown that when looking to hire their replacements, male leaders who are high in social dominance orientation show strong preferences for leaders who are ______. A. white and male B. white and female C. people of color D. women

A. white and male

A weakness of the study of followership is ______. A. its extreme focus on predictive statistical models B. leadership and followership scholars will never see eye to eye C. little empirical research has been conducted on the topic D. it does not match real-world organizational behaviors

C. little empirical research has been conducted on the topic

Assessing team and individual performance and confronting inadequate performances is part of which internal task leadership action? A. goal focusing B. facilitating decision making C. maintaining standards of excellence D. structuring for results

C. maintaining standards of excellence

Like the concept of leadership, followership is presumed to have a(n) ______ dimension as it relates to responsibility for the group. A. trait-based B. situational C. moral D. individual

C. moral

The number of women who successfully navigate the leadership labyrinth is ______. A. on the decline B. variable C. on the rise D. holding steady

C. on the rise

Team effectiveness is evaluated on task accomplishment, otherwise known as ______. A. delegation B. maintenance C. performance D. development

C. performance

Leadership that focuses on cognitive, motivational, affective, and coordination processes is called ______. A. clear, elevating goal B. results-driven structure C. principled leadership D. standards of excellence

C. principled leadership

The "dark side" of leadership is closely related to which component of transformational leadership? A. transactional B. individualized consideration C. pseudotransformational D. management by exception

C. pseudotransformational

Women were found to be more effective than men ______. A. in masculine role leadership positions B. in military leadership positions C. when in middle-management positions D. when in gender neutral leadership positions

C. when in middle-management positions

Which ethical leadership principle is described as being the leaders' duty to treat others as ends in themselves and never as a means to an end? A. Ethical leaders are just. B. Ethical leaders build community. C. Ethical leaders serve others. D. Ethical leaders respect others.

D. Ethical leaders respect others.

According to research, one way women can advance in leadership is by ______. A. acting masculine and assertive and not in feminine ways B. leading in a more democratic manner than men C. strongly resisting stereotype threats D. blending individualized consideration with inspirational motivation

D. blending individualized consideration with inspirational motivation

One critique of gender and leadership research is that it needs to focus more on ______. A. examining younger and older women leaders B. increasing women's leadership skills C. examining how women leaders and followers interact D. closing the gender gap at home

D. closing the gender gap at home

A benefit of shared leadership is more ______. A. workers and followers completing tasks B. communication and decision-making C. job security and less turnover D. consensus and cohesion

D. consensus and cohesion

Uhl-Bien and her colleagues were the first to propose a ______. A. structured typology of followership B. role-based perspective on followership C. more modern leadership model D. formal theory of followership

D. formal theory of followership

While women face the glass ceiling, men appear to be riding the ______. A. power train B. glass cliff C. career rocket D. glass escalator

D. glass escalator

Followership as an area of study is considered ______. A. fully developed B. Controversial C. unnecessary due to robust leadership models D. in its early stages

D. in its early stages

A developmental experience that helps women rise to top leadership positions is ______. A. servant leadership B. nepotism C. college education D. inclusion in key networks

D. inclusion in key networks

McGrath describes diagnosing group deficiencies as part of ______. A. internal action B. external action C. external monitoring D. internal monitoring

D. internal monitoring

The team I am leading is in conflict with constant infighting and little focus on the project's goals. I should take______ A. external task action B. External environmental action C. internal task action D. internal relational action

D. internal relational action

Studies of organizational teams have focused on strategies for ______. A. helping less capable members succeed B. distributing organizational workload C. determining the skill level of team members D. maintaining a competitive advantage

D. maintaining a competitive advantage

Which two stages fall within the preconventional morality level? A. individualism and exchange and universal principles B. social contract and individual rights C. interpersonal accord and conformity and maintaining the social order D. obedience and punishment and individualism and exchange

D. obedience and punishment and individualism and exchange

The two types of perspectives that are used when studying followership are ______. A. character and conduct B. technical and adaptive C. in-group and out-group D. role-based and relational-based

D. role-based and relational-based

______ reflects a leader who acts in ways to create the greatest good for themselves. a. Aretaic b. Ethical egoism c. Altruism d. Utilitarianism

b. Ethical egoism

Organizations and their leaders can use the ethical principles described in the research as a ______ for behavior. a. challenge b. benchmark c. test d. barometer

b. benchmark

Women who are promoted to leadership positions that place them in precarious situations with greater risk are in positions called the ______. a. glass window b. glass cliff c. glass ceiling d. glass labyrinth

b. glass cliff

Research conducted on U.S. populations has shown that compared to men, women are ______. a. less likely to have an advanced degree b. more drawn to roles such as "facilitator" instead of "leader" c. less likely to serve as social facilitators d. more likely to self-promote

b. more drawn to roles such as "facilitator" instead of "leader"

Deontological theory focuses on ______. a. excellence b. outcomes c. virtue d. duty

d. duty

A leader's respect for others is shown by being ______. a. critical b. apathetic c. altruistic d. empathic

d. empathic

McGrath describes taking remedial action as part of ______. a. external monitoring b. internal monitoring c. external action d. internal action

d. internal action

Hackman's six enabling conditions of effective team functioning include which of the following? a. strict hierarchy and unified commitment b. compelling purpose and clear, elevating goals c. competent team members and results-driven structure d. real team and right people

d. real team and right people

Greenleaf's theory of servant leadership ______. a. was based on studies of university professors and students b. requires a strict delineation of servant and leader roles c. was influenced by the writings of Ronald Heifetz d. says leaders should be concerned with society's "have-nots"

d. says leaders should be concerned with society's "have-nots"

Virtual teams are more effective when they use ______. a. no identifiable leader b. one formal leader c. authentic leadership d. shared leadership

d. shared leadership

The toxic triangle describes the interrelationships between ______.

destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments

Which level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development demonstrates reasoning based on conscience and creating a just society?

postconventional morality

Heifetz's perspective on ethical leadership is ______.

values-based