Learning and Memory

Dionne competes on her high school's track team. She always feels naturally nervous right before a race. She also noticed that, on days when she is not racing, just seeing the track still made her feel nervous. Her nervousness at seeing the track on non-race days is a(n):

NOT unconditioned response.

Bobby fights with his sister and does not get to watch TV that night.

NP

Emma smokes in school and gets hall privileges taken away.

NP

Julie stays out past her curfew and now does not get to use the car for a week.

NP

The squirrel runs up a tree to escape a predator.

NR

You put on sunscreen to avoid a sunburn.

NR

Kanako is 5 years old, and her parents have just moved from Japan to the United States. Since the Japanese language does not make a distinction between the /l/ and /r/ sounds, what will happen to Kanako's and her parents' abilities to distinguish between these sounds in the United States?

Neither Kanako nor her parents will be able to learn to make the distinction.

Which drugs have been shown to clearly improve memory in healthy individuals?

None

Repeated exposures to high stress levels during development, for example, can increase chances for depression later in life and also puts children at risk of developing anxiety disorders such as:

OCD

Which statement is an example of an episodic memory?

One remembers the details of one's first date

Which statement supports the idea that age-related improvement in working memory capacity at least partially reflects exposure to and familiarity with the material to be remembered?

Ten-year-old chess experts can remember more pieces than adults who do not play chess, even though the children's digit spans were lower.

If an air-puff US is delivered to an untrained rabbit, what happens in the cerebellum?

There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus, but there is a UR to the air puff.

According to standard consolidation theory, patients with brain damage that is limited to the hippocampus should have _____ anterograde amnesia and _____ retrograde amnesia.

a lot of; very little

A sensory prosthesis is:

a mechanical device containing sensory detectors that interface with appropriate sensory areas of the brain.

A person riding as a passenger in a car sometimes has the experience of automatically stepping on an imaginary brake as the driver brings the car to a fast stop. The passenger's behavior is:

a motor program.

Imagine a ballerina who has performed a particular ballet so many times that she doesn't even need to think about the movements anymore. She has developed:

a motor program.

With which memory task would elderly individuals have the MOST difficulty?

a paired associate test of me

Cameron's heart begins to beat rapidly right before he has to deliver an important sales pitch to a client. This is an example of:

a physiological response.

Long-term potentiation is when:

a recent strong stimulus causes a neuron to over-respond to a subsequent stimulus.

Lightning is usually followed by thunder. Eventually, one can be startled just by the lightning alone. What is the unconditioned response?

being startled by thunder

George Miller demonstrated that short-term memory capacity for digits was:

between 5 and 9 digits.

When subjects are given two drinks but not told what they are drinking in order to get accurate results on which is the better tasting one—this is an example of what type of experimental design?

blind

In behavioral economics, the _____ refers to the distribution of resources that maximizes the individual's subjective value or satisfaction.

bliss point

Suppose one conditions a rabbit to give an eyeblink response to a tone. If one then presents both a tone and a light together followed by a puff of air to the eyes, the rabbit will not blink in response to the light. This demonstrates:

blocking

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, the:

bodily responses associated with an emotion leads to the conscious feeling of that emotion.

René Descartes believed that the:

body works through a system of reflex arcs.

The motor cortex (M1) sends its output signals to the:

brainstem

The structure that sits at the base of the brain is known as the:

brainstem

long-term potentiation

can last for hours or even longer

In a task requiring monkeys to move their gaze to the former position of a visual cue, it was found that neurons in the prefrontal cortex fired during:

All of the answers are correct

Which statement demonstrates that nonhumans can learn cognitive skills?

All of the statements are correct.

According to the information in class, psychological stress responses could include

All of these

In a novel object recognition task, which statement demonstrates that a stimulus is perceived as familiar?

An individual spends less time examining the stimulus relative to a novel stimulus.

A regular drug user can have an elevated reaction to his usual drug if he takes that drug in a new environment. In this example, the familiar environment in which the drug is normally taken is a:

CS

If dogs are presented with a bell followed by food, they quickly learn to salivate in response to the bell. If the bell is then presented without any food, what happens to the salivation response?

It becomes gradually weaker.

Which statement is TRUE regarding episodic memory?

It can be communicated in a format other than that in which it was acquired.

Which statement is TRUE regarding synaptogenesis?

It continues throughout the lifespan

According to studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats, which brain area(s) seem(s) particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats?

NOT the basal forebrain and the cortex

The textbook describes a study in which blue jays were quicker and more accurate at detecting a particular species of moth if they had recently detected other members of that species. This result demonstrates:

priming

Suppose a person buys a new remote control for the television, and the person is having a hard time remembering where the buttons are because they are arranged differently than they were on the old remote control. This is an example of:

proactive interference.

If a pot of water is hotter than expected, it could produce a withdrawal response of the hand. This response was studied by Charles Sherrington and is known as a(n):

reflex arc.

If one puts a hand on a hot stove, one will automatically pull it away before realizing what has been done. This is an example of a(n) _____ behavior.

reflexive

Lauren is trying to stop her son from banging his spoon on the table during meals by praising him whenever he uses his spoon to eat his food. This is an example of:

reinforcement of alternative behaviors.

As people age from their twenties to their fifties, most types of memory:

remain relatively stable.

Someone with damage to the basal ganglia would have the MOST trouble with which task?

remembering how to ride a bike

In people with schizophrenia, antipsychotic medications appear to:

remove some of the acquired-equivalence deficits.

Sensitization:

requires fewer exposures than are necessary for habituation.

The matching law of choice behavior states that, given two responses that are reinforced on different VI schedules, an organism will:

respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response.

If one studies for a psychology test, then studies for a biology test, one's memory for the biology material can make it harder to remember the psychology material. This is an example of:

retroactive interference.

Suppose one meets two new people at a party. One has trouble remembering the name of the first person one met because the name of the second person keeps coming to mind instead. This is an example of:

retroactive interference.

What is the name of the phenomenon in which prior presentation of a compound stimulus results in a later tendency for learning about one stimulus of the compound to generalize to the other stimulus?

sensory preconditioning

Training in which presentation of two stimuli together as a compound results in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other is known as:

sensory preconditioning.

It was observed that some birds in England were learning to puncture the tops of milk bottles to get the cream. One explanation was that the birds' attention was being drawn to the milk bottles by other birds that had discovered this "trick." Which phenomenon does this explanation demonstrate?

stimulus enhancement

Direction of one organism's attention toward specific objects, events, or locations within an environment as a result of another organism's action is called:

stimulus enhancement.

Zachary's dog Buddy, like many dogs, enjoys chasing the little red spot of light from a laser pointer when Zachary moves the light around the carpet. Zachary's new puppy Zoe observed Buddy chasing the light, which drew her attention to the light, and she began chasing it just like Buddy did. This is an example of:

stimulus enhancement.

Rebecca takes a dance class in which the first exercise the class does is always the same. But one day, the dance instructor changed the first exercise. Out of habit, Rebecca persisted in doing the exercise she was used to, until she realized everyone else was doing something different. The task her central executive is MOST concerned with in this example is:

stimulus selection and response inhibition

A person with _____ would perform best on tests of learning and memory.

two copies of the Val allele

If someone blows a puff of air into one's eyes, the person automatically blinks. In this example, the puff of air is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus.

Random drug testing

variable interval

Looking for worms under rocks.

variable ratio- don't know how many

A student watches for shooting stars on a clear night and sees one approximately every 2 minutes. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

If one buys lottery tickets, one may win on average every 15 times one plays. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Alzheimer's disease:

cannot be definitively confirmed until after death.

The technique of elicited imitation is used for assessing memories in infants because infants:

cannot use language to respond in standard recall and recognition tests.

Which activity is the BEST example of an open skill?

catching a baseball

In the video SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Behavior Lab Conformity, it was shown that individuals will

conform to the group's opinion or behavior, even when they know the answer is incorrect or it is poor behavior.

If a person looks at a golden retriever and a cocker spaniel and realizes the similarity that both of them are dogs, what process is the person using?

distributed representation

A procedure that delivers an electrical current into a patient's brain through one or more implanted electrodes is known as:

electroconvulsive therapy.

The inborn tendency to react emotionally to stimuli that indicate emotion in other members of one's species is called:

emotional contagion

In a dog kennel, if one dog starts barking, there is a tendency for the rest of the dogs to also start barking. This is an example of:

emotional contagion.

In a nursery, if one baby starts crying, there is a tendency for the other babies to also start crying. This is an example of:

emotional contagion.

Barry was in a car accident in which he was not wearing a seatbelt. He was not injured, and now, based on this experience, he believes that seatbelts are unnecessary. Barry exhibits the views of:

empiricism

The view that all the ideas are the result of experience is called:

empiricism

Ella observed her father cleaning up toys by putting them all in a large bin and then carrying the bin over to the corner. The next time Ella had to clean up her toys, she left the bin in the corner and carried the toys to it one by one. This is an example of:

emulation

One-year-old Callie observed her mother eating green beans by poking them with a fork and bringing them to her mouth. Callie picked up a fork, used her fingers to balance some beans on the fork, and brought them to her mouth. This is an example of:

emulation.

According to the phenomenon of conditioned compensatory response, drug addicts develop a tolerance to their drug because:

environmental cues elicit CRs that counteract the effect of the drug.

The primary motor cortex is located in the _____ lobe.

frontal

In the video regarding inequity with the monkeys, the monkey who did not receive the grapes showed behavior that represents......

frustration - aggression hypothesis

The type of amnesia that results from psychological causes rather than from any obvious physical causes is called:

functional amnesia.

After a pigeon learns to peck at a green light, the pigeon also pecks at a light that is a slightly different shade of green. This is an example of:

generalization

Lucy was bitten by a small white dog and now she has a fear of all dogs, regardless of their size or color. This is an example of:

generalization

Martha studied hard for her math test and found that she learned some study habits that helped her study for her physics test. This is an example of:

generalization

The transfer of past learning to new situations and problems is known as:

generalization

The transfer of past learning to new situations and problems is known as:

generalization.

Twin studies suggest that:

genes play a strong role in determining our learning and memory abilities.

Correlational studies generally look for associations between familiarity with the content of commercials and drinking behavior. Such studies have shown that:

greater exposure to alcohol advertising is correlated to a higher likeliness of drinking in young adults.

According to the law of effect, which circumstance would lead to a weakening of the association between stimulus and response?

grounding a teenager for staying out too late

A child repeatedly complains about having her teeth brushed by her mother. After a while, the mother doesn't even notice the child's complaints. This is an example of:

habituation

The Milwaukee police noticed a putrid smell in Jeffrey Dahmer's apartment. But because they had experienced many smelly apartments in the past, they did not investigate the source of the smell. This is an example of:

habituation

When Michelle and Patrick met, she was bothered by his height, but after 15 years of marriage she barely notices it anymore. This is an example of:

habituation

A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior is called:

habituation.

In Aplysia touching the siphon causes the gill to withdraw. If the siphon is touched repeatedly, eventually the gill will not withdraw anymore. This is an example of:

habituation.

In which type of learning do organisms learn to respond in order to obtain or avoid important consequences?

instrumental (operant) conditioning

The final exit point of CR information from the cerebellum is/are the:

interpositus nucleus

The medial prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in:

interpreting the expression of emotion in other people.

It is obvious that all criminals have mothers. However, it is untrue that people who have mothers are criminals. This is an example of what type of reasoning?

inverse reasoning

One difference between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memory _____, while semantic memory _____.

is acquired in a single exposure; usually requires several exposures

Dara is practicing a new gymnastic routine. Her practice will be MOST effective if she:

is given feedback about her performance.

The hippocampus:

is most active during initial encoding of words that would be remembered.

Korsakoff's disease:

is often accompanied by confabulation. Vitamin B deficient

In observational learning, it is difficult to predict what an organism will learn because:

it is not always possible to determine what the organism perceives from the model.

Charles Darwin observed that finches on different islands had different types of beaks that were most suited to coping with the environment of their particular island. From this insight, he concluded that:

life on Earth is evolving.

Linda has never been afraid of spiders, but she constantly sees her mom scream at the site of one. Eventually, Linda develops a fear of spiders; this is an example of:

observational conditioning.

According to Spence, the peak-shift effect occurs because the:

observed response is given by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients.

The part of cerebral cortex that is important for processing visual elements is the:

occipital lobe

Automatic processes:

occur with minimal conscious awareness.

People with posttraumatic stress disorder:

often have a smaller hippocampal volume than people without this disorder.

If a child wants to learn to write his own name by using spaced practice, he should write the name:

once every day for several weeks.

Regarding learning a second language:

one will be able to approximate native accents more closely if one learns as a child than as an adult.

Jessica has a hard time when she goes on a school trip to the zoo. When they go into the reptile house, she starts to shake and constantly looks at the floor worried that a snake might have gotten loose. Jessica suffers from what type of phobia?

ophidiopobia

A rollercoaster ride elicits an initial feeling of fear followed by a feeling of exhilaration. After repeated experiences, the initial fear responses may become weaker, whereas the rebound responses grow stronger. This process is called _____ theory.

opponent process

An infant turns to look at a novel pattern, this is an example of:

orienting response

When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of the attention and learning than the less salient cue, it is known as:

overshadowing

During a state of arousal:

pain is suppressed

Tony is excited when he watches his high school football team win the championship. He decides to try out for the team the following year, hoping that he will get to enjoy the same excitement he observes in the players he sees on the team. His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:

when the outcome is desirable.

The different sensory cortices receive information about:

whether a salient event has occurred.

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, Bandura believed that the children were learning the aggressive acts:

while they were observing the model.

When Tryon (1940) bred "maze-bright" rats together, he found that:

with each generation, the rats' offspring made fewer errors.

Research has shown that, in the cortexes of opossums blinded at birth:

within the visual area some neurons responded to auditory or somatosensory stimuli.

The active maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory is known as:

working memory.

The metaphor of memory as a computer compares RAM with _____ memory and a hard drive with _____ memory.

working; long-term

To create a memorable yet secure password one should:

write a hint or clue on a piece of paper.

Flashbulb memories:

. are held with very high confidence.

A reduction in learning about a CS to which there has been prior exposure without any US is called:

. latent inhibition.

Patients with damage to the _____ side of the frontal lobe are MOST likely to show specialized deficits in _____ tasks.

left; verbal

The types of emotional reactions seen in people with frontal lobe damage suggest that the frontal lobes:

. maintain a balance between too little and too much emotion.

Down syndrome is:

. much more likely in children born to older mothers.

A pigeon is given a choice between pecking an upper key on a VI 2' schedule and pecking a lower key on a VI 4' schedule. According to the matching law of choice behavior, the pigeon should:

. peck the upper key twice as frequently as the lower key.

If a pigeon is being trained to peck at a disc for a food reward, which delay between pecking and receiving the reward will lead to the FASTEST learning?

0 seconds

According to cognitive expectancy theories of avoidance, animals make a decision based on:

. a comparison of expected outcomes.

The phonological loop can retain information for about how long?

2 seconds

A fetus is sufficiently developed to start perceiving and learning about sounds by about _____ week(s) gestational age.

25

If children are to learn to differentiate particular sounds used in their language, they must be exposed to these sounds before they are:

6 to 8 months old.

Which scenario is an example of emotional contagion?

A baby cries in the pediatrician's office, and the other babies begin to cry as well

Which statement is an example of social learning?

A chimpanzee copies the hand motions made by its trainer.

Which statement is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

A girl's heart rate increases upon entering the theater where she had previously seen a horror movie.

_____ is a neurotransmitter that has many functions in the brain, including the promotion of neural plasticity.

Acetylcholine

Which statement has been viewed as evidence of an error-correction mechanism in the brain?

Activity in the inferior olive is high at the start of training and diminishes with successive trials.

Emily believes that babies learn language simply by being rewarded for making the correct language-like sound in response to something they hear. Her idea about learning language is MOST similar to the ideas of:

B. F. Skinner.

Which action is an example of a cognitive skill?

Balancing a checkbook

Behaviorism places the GREATEST emphasis on:

observable behavior

When a drug addict is in the environment where she usually takes her drugs, she will typically feel a craving for the drugs. This craving is a:

CR

Drug users sometimes experience an elevated reaction to their drug when they take it in a new environment because the:

CR is not present to counteract the UR.

When a conditioned compensatory response occurs, the:

CR is the opposite of the UR

Caden was overjoyed when he learned that he was accepted into a top business school. His heart rate and blood pressure increased and he started to breathe more rapidly. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion:

Caden's physiological changes led him to consciously experience "happiness."

Which statement is TRUE regarding violent entertainment and aggressive behavior?

Children who play violent video games behave more aggressively than children who play nonviolent video games.

According to the video, long-term stress can effect_________?

Cholesterol build-up in the arteries.

_____ is a tendency to ignore information that conflicts with prior belief and focus on information that is consistent with that belief.

Confirmation bias

Which person's skill will be the MOST resistant to decline in older adulthood?

Courtney, who is a professional chef

According to modern social-learning theory, learning occurs as a result of:

observation.

_____ representations use a unique node to represent each individual stimulus.

Discrete-component

The idea that "neurons that fire together, wire together" was proposed by:

Donald Hebb

Why is dopamine believed to be involved in reinforcement?

Dopamine release is triggered by primary and secondary reinforcers.

Getting paid every two weeks

FI

Meeting a friend for coffee after work every Tuesday

FI

Frequent flyer program, where one gets a free flight for a specific number of miles flown

FR

Going up stairs to reach a landing

FR

_____ and _____ are fundamental tools for one's survival.

Generalization; categorization

Which of these scientists is responsible for the number of digits in a standard phone number without the area code?

George Miller

Which statement demonstrates that nonhuman animals may possess episodic memory?

Gorillas can remember which fruit they ate yesterday and who gave it to them.

According to the video, stress activates the_________?

HPA axis

According to the video, The Dutch Hunger children showed ___________

Higher risk of mental illness

The law of effect predicts which statement?

If a teenager is grounded for taking the car without permission, he will ask for permission next time.

In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while, in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response.

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

In operant conditioning, the outcome depends on the response, while, in classical conditioning, the outcome occurs, regardless of the response.

In the video 5 Crazy Ways Social Media Is Changing Your Brain Right Now, it was noted that research regarding social media use .....

Increases dopamine levels

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of constraint-induced movement therapy to treat learned non-use?

It exploits mechanisms of cortical plasticity.

If one trains a discrete-component model to respond to a blue light, how will it respond to a blue-green light?

It will not respond at all to the blue-green light.

Who would argue that the complex idea of "dog" is comprised of a combination of simpler ideas such as "furry," "bark," and "friendly"?

John Locke

If one believes that all babies are born with the potential to become great musicians, one would agree with the ideas of:

John Locke.

When one opens a door, which part of the brain is responsible for sending signals to the arm muscles, causing one to open the door?

M1 (motor cortex)

_____ is a record of one's past experiences.

Memory

_____ neurons respond during both performance of an action and during visual observations of that same action.

Mirror

Gordon Bower believed that:

NOT ALL THE ABOVE NOT learning is a gradual, incremental process.

Mood congruency demonstrates that emotion can influence which aspect of memory?

NOT All of the answers are correct.

Surfer waiting for the perfect wave to ride in.

NOT FI

Sales of a product using door to door selling techniques

NOT FR

Suppose a person lesions the hippocampus of a rabbit. The person presents a blue light and a yellow light together for several trials, and then presents just the yellow light followed by a shock until the rabbit is startled by the yellow light alone. How will the lesioned rabbit respond if the person now presents just the blue light?

NOT It will startle to the blue light, but not as strongly as it does to the yellow light.

People with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate:

NOT can still imitate an action when instructed to do so

Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by:

NOT counting the number of times he needed to hear a list before he could recall it perfectly.

Which task would activate the left-anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex?

NOT deciding whether two words sound the same

In experimental psychology, the group that receives the treatment is referred to as the:

NOT dependent

Susan's daughter was constantly calling "Mommy" throughout the day, until Susan eventually barely noticed her daughter's calls. The next day, when Susan's daughter called "Mommy" for the first time, Susan did hear her. This is an example of:

NOT dishabituation.

Memories for highly emotional events such as the terrorist attacks of September 11 are known as:

NOT episodic memories.

In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies, which was an unconditioned stimulus?

NOT feeling sick

Individuals with Down syndrome:

NOT have visibly smaller brains at birth.

Which brain area is involved in determining which information has to be stored?

NOT hippo-campus

The hippocampal region seems to be important for:

NOT learning a stimulus-response association.

In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, what was the dependent variable?

NOT length of delay between learning and relearning

The medial prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in:

NOT mediating arousal in the autonomic nervous system.

Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child's whining would be _____ of the parents' behavior of giving the cookie.

NOT positive reinforcement

Which action is NOT a problem for patients with frontal-lobe damage?

NOT the N-back task

In the video dangerous conformity, an individual was less likely to respond to danger when......

Other individuals were present

A rat presses a lever and gets a shock.

PP

Nathan tells a good joke and his friends all laugh.

PP

Pat gently sprays his cat with water every time she jumps on to the kitchen counter.

PP

Sawa falls asleep under the sun, and gets a sunburn.

PP

You climb on a railing of a balcony and fall.

PP

You stick your hand in a flame and you get a painful burn.

PP

Johnny puts his quarter in the vending machine and gets a piece of candy.

PR

In some situations, arousal can have severe consequences. In the most severe cases, a single highly emotional event can lead to life-long amplification of emotional responses to a wide range of stimuli. This is referred to as:

PTSD

Which disorder involves a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta that control activity in the basal ganglia?

Parkinson's disease

Which is an example of appetitive conditioning?

Pavlov's conditioning of salivation in dogs

Lela was able to make a purchase of a brand new car. After buying the car, she started to notice many other people driving on the road with the same care she had. What psychological phenomenon is this example of?

Perceptual Learning

Someone who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different from each other would agree with the views of:

Plato

Bonita believes that one learns about the mind mainly by using logic and intuition; Miguel believes it would be better to measure the activity of the brain. Bonita is following the philosophy of _____, while Miguel is following the philosophy of _____.

Plato; Aristotle

In mammals, the two sites where information about the CS-US association can be stored in the cerebellum are the _____ and the _____.

Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; interpositus nucleus

The dorsal striatum seems to be especially important for learning:

S-R associations.

According to the video, what contributes to the additional fat accumulating around the midsection of the body?

Serotonin

A conditioning chamber called a _____ delivers reinforcement or punishment automatically whenever an animal makes a particular response.

Skinners Box

_____ expresses that, if an organism has the option to perform, highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior.

The Premack principle

Suppose a baby is presented repeatedly with the color yellow. Which statement would demonstrate that habituation is stimulus specific in this case?

The baby's orienting response to yellow decreases, and then the baby responds vigorously to the color red.

Which statement is TRUE about subject bias?

The participants prior knowledge can influence the current experiment.

Suppose a person repeatedly plays a low-pitched tone to a rat. Which statement would demonstrate dishabituation in the rat?

The rat then responds to the low-pitched tone after a loud tone in the trial.

While most bacteria are eliminated by antibiotics, some can possess mutations that are resistant to antibiotics, leading to more drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Such a mutation is an example of which of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection?

The trait must make the individual more fit to survive.

_____ states that retrieval is MORE likely if the cues available at recall are similar to those that were available at encoding.

Transfer-appropriate processing

Which statement is an example of a task that would be required in a two-action test?

Two dolphins are taught to swim to a trainer for a fish reward, one by swimming through a tunnel and the other by swimming in a wiggly path.

Calling the mechanic throughout the day to see if the car is ready to be picked-up?

VI

Effort trolling for fish in a lake

VI

Child screams and cries in store and sometimes gets what he wants

VR

Number of fish caught during a single trip

VR

Playing bingo

VR

Slot machines

VR

Speed traps on highways

VR

Mathematical psychology was established by:

W. K. Estes.

The rapid expansion of resources required to encode configurations as their number of component features increases produces:

a combinatorial explosion.

An animal that is raised with a patch over one eye will probably be completely blind in that eye as an adult. This is an example of:

a sensitive period.

The time period in which learning is MOST effective is known as:

a sensitive period.

Functional amnesia may be associated with:

abnormalities in the medial temporal lobe and diencephalon.

When Loftus tried to implant false memories of being lost in a shopping mall, she found that:

about 25 percent of people formed a false memory.

George Miller discovered that the average digit span is:

about 7.

During childhood apoptosis:

about one-third of the neurons die.

Dylan and Aaron both enjoy foreign films. If a person later learns that Dylan also enjoys riding dirt bikes, the person may infer that Aaron also enjoys riding dirt bikes. This is an example of:

acquired equivalence.

Listening to classical music such as works by Mozart:

activates the same brain regions that are used in abstract spatial reasoning.

In his studies of visual sensory memory, George Sperling found that participants could remember more items from an array if:

after the array disappeared, a tone was played to indicate which row to recall.

A naturally occurring variant of a gene is referred to as a:

allele

Suppose one pairs a light and a tone in the first phase of a sensory preconditioning paradigm. If one then pairs just the light with a food pellet, such that the light elicits a salivation response, the tone presented alone will:

also elicit salivation.

Francis has no memory for what he did today, although he can remember his childhood well. Which type of amnesia is Francis suffering from?

anterograde

Damage to the diencephalon can lead to:

anterograde amnesia and confabulation.

The basal ganglia:

are active when people learn cognitive skill

In a latent-inhibition paradigm, the animals in the experimental group:

are pre-exposed to the CS.

Patients with damage to the cerebellum:

are slower in learning a CR.

The primary sensory cortices:

are specialized for processing particular sensory stimuli.

A collection of bodily responses that prepare the body to face a threat is known as:

arousal.

Studies in which infants were conditioned to kick at a mobile to make it move showed that infants:

as young as 2 months could learn this response.

The part of the brain involved in coordinating information within and across sensory modalities is the:

association cortex.

Gary attended a party and bumped into a friend he had not seen in years. Seeing the friend immediately triggered memories of things they had done together. Which idea about memory does this example demonstrate?

associationism

If "black" is said, it might make one think of the word "white." The connection in one's memory between these concepts is known as:

associationism

Learning has been demonstrated to occur in humans beginning:

at about 25 weeks gestational age.

A set of disorders characterized with deficits in social interaction and learning are known as:

autism spectrum disorders.

The body changes that occur during arousal are mediated by the _____ system.

autonomic nervous

Which statement demonstrates the use of a token economy to encourage good behavior in school children?

awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys

The brain area that appears to be responsible for determining whether and, if so, when new information is processed is the:

basal forebrain

Studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats have shown that damage to the neurons in the:

basal forebrain that modulate hippocampal activity disrupts previously-acquired food preferences.

When more sensory neurons are tuned to a particular feature of a stimulus, the organism will:

be better able to make fine distinctions related to the stimulus.

Drugs are able to change the:

behavior of the presynaptic neuron behavior of the postsynaptic neuron rate at which neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse

James's grades are dropping, and he has isolated himself in his room and doesn't have any interactions with individuals. His only focus is playing his game. As punishment for his grades dropping, he is grounded from any games. His parents have caught him trying to play at night, and he has even tried to go to his neighbors to do so. What type of addiction is James exhibiting?

behavioral

According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning, the first stage of avoidance learning involves _____ and then the avoidance response involves _____.

classical conditioning of the conditioned emotional response; reinforcement of avoidance of the fear CR

Cancer patients can develop an aversion to foods they eat right before undergoing chemotherapy. Although the foods themselves do not initially cause feelings of illness, pairing them with chemotherapy, which does cause patients to feel sick, leads to the foods becoming associated with these same feelings. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

If experimenters play a very loud buzzer, a rat will be startled. If they repeatedly flash a light before the buzzer is played, the rat will eventually be startled by the light alone. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

A person who is just learning to drive a car needs to listen carefully to all of the steps involved as his instructor is telling. Which stage of skill acquisition is the person in?

cognitive

Which stage of Fitts's three-stage model would act in using written instructions to set up a tent?

cognitive

A physical development that produces gradual improvements in muscle strength and perceptual motor coordination is known as:

complex motor skills.

A psychological representation of a category of objects, events, or people in the world is referred to as a:

concept

The process by which one learns about new categories usually based on common features is known as:

concept formation.

The emotional excitement associated with annual events such as the Super Bowl can amplify memories during exposure to advertisements. This suggests that alcoholic preferences of football fans are likely to be a result of:

conditioning disguised as entertainment.

If a business owner continues for years to hire people who have Harvard degrees, never realizing that he would have done better if he had hired a brilliant summa cum laude from a local university who he didn't bother to interview, what is the business owner exhibiting?

confirmation bia

The discrete-component model and the distributed model differ in that only the:

distributed model includes an internal representation layer.

Many students consider multiple-choice exams to be easier than essay exams. This is because multiple-choice test items:

contain more memory cues than essay exams.

A child is given a gold star every time she gets an "A" on a test. This is an example of:

continuous reinforcement.

The capacity for cortical receptive fields and cortical spatial organization to change as a result of experience is called:

cortical plasticity.

When visual input is absent from birth, it is often seen that other cortical areas take over the areas of the brain normally devoted to vision. This demonstrates:

cortical plasticity.

If a loud noise is presented repeatedly to a rat, the rat's acoustic startle reflex will:

decrease

During learning of a mirror-reading task, the left cerebellum shows _____ activity, and the right cerebellum shows _____ activity.

decreased; increased

According to the information in class, physical stress responses include

decreases in the digestive system and increases in respiratory system

The results of studies on twins' performance on the rotary pursuit task suggest that practice:

decreases the effects of prior experience.

When researchers exposed dogs to an inescapable shock and then put the dogs in a situation in which they could escape the shock, the dogs:

did not learn to escape the shock.

The existence of Korsakoff's disease demonstrates the importance of the _____ in memory.

diencephalon

If one falls and injures the back of one's head, which effect would MOST likely be experienced?

difficulty seeing a friend's face

According to the _____ hypothesis memories for perceived actions are stored in the cortical regions that map observed actions onto the motor representations of those actions.

direct-matching

When rats with damage to the basal ganglia are put in a water maze, and the platform is moved to a new location, the rats swim:

directly to the location where the platform used to be, even when the platform is not visible.

Jasmine quickly learned that she needed to use different techniques to calm her second child than those that had worked with her first child. This is an example of:

discrimination.

Which is a characteristic of someone with dysexecutive syndrome?

disrupted ability to think and plan

Maya showed up at a police station one day claiming she could not recall who she was. After being examined by a doctor she was found to have no obvious injury or brain damage. From what type of amnesia did Maya suffer?

dissociative fugue

In a _____ representation, stimuli are represented by overlapping sets of nodes or stimulus elements.

distributed

Because Carrie's friend Emily often brings home-baked goodies when she visits, Carrie feels her mouth water at the sight of Emily. For one week Emily, brought her cousin Michelle with her whenever she visited Carrie. A few weeks later, Carrie bumped into Michelle at the store. In this scenario, blocking would be demonstrated if Carrie:

does not feel her mouth water when she sees Michelle at the store.

A person who has a very hard time learning to play the piano but, with practice, becomes a concert pianist:

does not have talent but has become an expert.

If one is feeling bored with one's romantic partner, which approach would be expected to improve one's feelings by bringing about dishabituation?

doing something new and exciting together

A pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication to treat anxiety. In order to check how well the medication responds, neither the experimenter nor the subjects know who received the medication. By doing this, the pharmaceutical company attempts to eliminate the chance of the subject's or experimenter's preconceived notions affecting the results. This is called:

double-blind design.

A person's digit span:

drops slightly in elderly adults.

_____ are chemical substances that alter the biochemical functioning of the body.

drugs

Habituation and sensitization in Aplysia are explained well by which theory?

dual process theory

Which model suggests that both sensitization and habituation occur in response to every stimulus presentation, and that it is the summed combination of these two independent processes that determines the strength of responding?

dual process theory

The principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics and governed by its own laws, is called:

dualism

Mirror neurons are neurons that respond:

during both performance and visual observation of an action.

In people with schizophrenia, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is _____ and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is _____.

dysfunctional; normal

Remembering that one received a B in one's last math test is an example of _____ memory.

episodic

Which type of memory ability is usually the first to show signs of impairment in people with Alzheimer's disease?

episodic memory

The research on the development of episodic and semantic memory discussed in the textbook showed that:

episodic memory seems to develop more slowly than semantic memory.

In Alzheimer's disease:

episodic memory starts to decline before other types of memory.

If one has recently attended several parties, one may have a hard time remembering the details of the events that occurred at any one particular party. That person's difficulty demonstrates that a(n) _____ memory can be _____ by exposure to similar information.

episodic; weakened

A training procedure in which difficult discrimination is learned by starting with an easy version of the task and proceeding to incrementally harder versions as the easier ones are mastered is referred to as _____ learning.

errorless discrimination

Miriam has been studying the effects that different genres of music have on an individual's demeanor for 5 years now. According to her research, classical music seems to not elicit any type of aggressive behavior. As she conducts her screen, she makes sure that there are no individuals who like classical music in her group. This is an example of:

experimenter bias.

According to Seligman's research on learned helplessness, one way to help "immunize" people from becoming depressed would be to:

expose them early in life to adversities they can overcome.

The research on learned helplessness suggests that depression may be prevented by:

exposing people to adversities that they can overcome.

Suppose a child acquired a fear of the doctor's office because the office came to be associated with getting shots. To remove this fear, the child's parents decide to bring the child to the doctor's office several times each week without the child getting a shot. What technique are the parents using to eliminate the child's fear?

extinction

Malcolm's 2-year-old daughter throws a tantrum when she doesn't get what she wants. Malcolm has decided to ignore his daughter whenever she has a tantrum. This is an example of:

extinction.

In Bandura and colleagues' Bobo doll study (1961) it was found that children were more likely to behave aggressively if they:

first observed an adult behaving aggressively.

Jessie is lying down when suddenly a firefly moves across her room. It disappears after 10 seconds. When it reappears, she stares at it again. The duration of time in which she looks at it is known as:

fixation time

Paid $10 for every 20 puzzles solved

fixed ratio

A hotel maid is allowed to take a 15-minute break every time she cleans three rooms. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?

food

The research on how quickly people forget after having learned something has shown that:

forgetting is most rapid during the first few days after learning.

Lesion studies suggest that the interpositus nucleus is involved in _____, while the cerebellar cortex is involved in _____.

formation and execution of the CR; response timing

When researchers gave animals an injection of an inert placebo to pre-expose them to the contextual cues associated with drug use, they found that the animals:

formed an association between the context and drug use more slowly than normal.

Research on twins' performance on the rotary pursuit task has shown that as training progressed:

fraternal twins' performance became more dissimilar.

Suppose a person is trying to save for a new television, but his friends are pressuring him to go out with them tonight to the new club in town. He is MOST likely to stay home and save his money if he:

has arranged for his paycheck to be automatically deposited into a savings account.

Drugs that block opioid receptors:

have been shown to be effective for the short-term treatment of addictions.

According to the dual process theory of learning:

here are two mechanisms, both of which are activated to some degree

Which brain area is involved in forming new episodic and semantic memories?

hippocampus

Which brain structure is especially important for remembering one's eighth birthday party?

hippocampus

In the video regarding inequity with the monkeys, the monkey who did not receive the grapes showed behavior that helps explain ....

how inequity in society can lead to violent behaviors

Remembering what information would be MOST likely to involve the amygdala?

how one felt when graduating from high school

Researchers hypothesized that mirror neurons provide a basic mechanism for simple _____, allowing researchers to directly examine the mechanisms better.

imitation

If one is driven from home to school, one may learn the route without consciously trying to do so. This is an example of:

implicit learning.

The cerebellum is:

important for learning motions that involve precise timing.

According to the power law of practice, performance during learning:

improves rapidly at first and then slows down.

Increasing dopamine appears to:

increase how much we want something but not how much we like it

Suppose a child is learning to swim. If a person measures how long it takes him to swim from one end of the pool to the other each day, the person will typically find that the child's speed will:

increase rapidly over the first several days and then increase more slowly on subsequent days

Performance on working-memory tasks:

increases throughout adolescence before leveling off at adult levels.

Cocaine and amphetamine work by:

increasing the levels of dopamine.

A nucleus of cells with connections to the thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord is the:

inferior olive.

If one tells a person with schizophrenia that both Julie and Stephanie like apples more than oranges, and Julie also likes carrots more than peppers, what would the patient have the MOST trouble with?

inferring that Stephanie prefers carrots

The acquisition of the ability to learn a new task rapidly based on frequent experiences with a similar task is known as:

learning set formation.

Suppose a person never buys eggs because he doesn't like them. One weekend, he has guests who love eggs, and so he decides to buy some at the store. Even though he has never bought eggs at this store, he knows exactly where they are in the store from all the times he has shopped there before. The fact that he has learned where the eggs are during those past trips is an example of:

latent learning

Working memory develops _____ and decays _____ than other memory systems.

later; earlier

Individuals with anterograde amnesia can:

learn new skills but are unaware of having learned them.

If rats are allowed to freely explore a maze without being given a food reward and later are put in the maze again with a food reward in the goal box, the rats:

learn the maze more quickly than rats that have never been exposed to the maze.

Although Cooper tried to learn to play chess, other players easily beat him. Now Cooper refuses to try playing chess again. This is an example of:

learned helplessness.

"Genie," the little girl who was tragically isolated until age 13:

learned to speak, but only at the level of a 3- to 4-year old.activates the same brain regions that are used in abstract spatial reasoning.

Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by:

measuring how long it took him to relearn a previously learned list.

The findings regarding the effect of electroconvulsive shock on memory have been used to support the idea that:

memories have a consolidation period.

Rats that are exposed to circles and triangles for a month can learn to discriminate between these two shapes more quickly than rats not exposed to the shapes. This finding demonstrates:

mere exposure learning.

Depressed people are more likely to recall unpleasant memories than pleasant memories. This is an example of:

mood congruency of memory.

In a word-stem completion task, people are:

more likely to fill in the blanks to form words they have previously seen

An electromechanical device that can help people recover lost abilities to learn and perform perceptual-motor skills is called:

motor prosthesis.

The repeated pairing of an image and the name of a specific company with individuals celebrating and drinking may lead to what type of conditioning?

observational

Aidan plays well with his brother and with his sister, but, when Aidan tries to play with both of them together, the three of them just end up arguing. This is an example of:

negative patterning.

Joe puts on deodorant to avoid having body odor.

negative reinforcement

Drug addicts continue taking drugs in part to avoid the unpleasant effects of withdrawal. In this case, the behavior of taking drugs is being:

negatively reinforced

Neurotransmitters that affect activity in entire brain areas, rather than just at a single synapse, are called:

neuromodulators

Which field involves the study of patients with specific types of brain damage in order to learn about the relation between brain function and behavior?

neuropsychology

Psychologists sometimes classify memories that are not easily put into words, including skill memories as:

nondeclarative memories.

If one lesions the primary auditory cortex of a cat, the cat will:

not be able to discriminate between different tones

In Bower and Trabasso's study of blocking in humans, students were trained to categorize geometric figures based on shape. Blocking was demonstrated when the students could:

not use a redundant cue to classify a new figure.

Which disorder can be viewed as an exaggerated response to a potentially scary stimulus, resulting when sensitization to stress associated with fear-inducing situations amplifies an individual's emotional response?

pathological anxiety

In a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also shown a picture that was described by the passage either before or after they heard the passage read. Which group remembered the MOST information?

people who saw the picture before hearing the passage

Over the first several weeks at the stable, Jenn becomes better at telling the various horses apart. This is an example of:

perceptual learning

Over the first several weeks of teaching a class, the teacher becomes better at telling her students apart. This is an example of:

perceptual learning.

Learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs are called _____ skills, while skills requiring the use of the brain to solve problems or apply strategies are called _____ skills.

perceptual-motor; cognitive

According to Tulving and other researchers the ability to maintain episodic memories requires the ability to:

perform "mental time-travel" to relive and review past experiences.

In a paired associate test of memory, elderly adults:

perform well if items are presented at a slower pace during study.

If a friend pats one on the back, the neurons that carry the information from the touch receptors on one's back to one's brain are part of the:

peripheral nervous system.

When one reaches to catch a basketball, the neurons that carry the message from one's brain to the muscles in one's arms and hands are part of the:

peripheral nervous system.

In Baddeley's working-memory model, the two short-term memory buffers are called the:

phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.

The findings about patients with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate suggest that the frontal lobes:

play a role in inhibiting imitation.

Which activity is the BEST example of a closed skill?

playing a particular piece on the piano

An example of a closed skill is _____, and an example of an open skill is _____.

playing pat-a-cake; surfing

A child misbehaves and gets a spanking.

positive punishment

The psychological syndrome that can develop after a person is exposed to a horrific event is called:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Deficits in working memory in old age may be due to loss of neurons in the:

prefrontal cortex.

Some of the MOST dramatic changes in the adolescent brain occur in the:

prefrontal cortex.

Incoming sensory information is passed from the thalamus to the:

primary motor cortex

Which idea suggests that humans function by blindly producing pre-programmed learned responses to environmental stimuli?

radical behaviorism

Studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats have shown that:

rats are more likely to eat a novel food if they smell the food on another rat's breath after observing the other rat eating the food.

The Stroop task demonstrates that:

reading is an automatic process

Touching a patch of skin on the hand causes a particular neuron in the brain to fire. That particular patch of skin would be part of the neuron's:

receptive field.

If a person wants to use shaping to train a new puppy to respond to a name, he would call the name and then:

reward when the puppy looks at him, then for turning toward him, and then for taking a few steps in his direction.

In Watson's studies, what was found to impair rats' ability to navigate through mazes they had previously learned?

rotating the maze

Freda once became sick after eating pepperoni pizza. Based on the idea of a generalization gradient, which food would she be MOST likely to avoid in the future?

sausage pizza

An individual suffering from _____ would exhibit deficits in his/her working memory due to insufficient levels of dopamine.

schizophrenia

Behavioral addictions:

seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do.

According to Endel Tulving, which type of memory stores facts and general world knowledge?

semantic

Knowing that the speed limit on a highway is 65 kmph is an example of _____ memory.

semantic

The nucleus basalis:

sends output to the cortex to enable cortical remapping.

Since her grandmother's recent illness, Sarah has a heightened awareness of her family's health, and gets overly worried anytime a family member appears the least bit unwell. This is an example of:

sensitization.

If a person is nervous about climbing trees because of a tree fall in the past that resulted in a broken leg, the person may have become:

sensitized.

Charles must study for two exams and write a term paper. He needs to decide how to distribute his work during the day, including how much time to spend studying each subject, when to work on the term paper, how much he needs to accomplish before taking a break, and so forth. The task his central executive is MOST concerned with in this example is:

setting goals and planning.

According to the findings of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is about _____ items.

seven

In the peak-shift effect, the maximum response during generalization is:

shifted away from the nonreinforced stimulus.

The word-length effect is when one can remember more _____ words than _____ words.

short; long

On mirror-tracing tasks, people with damage to the cerebellum _____ than unimpaired people.

show less transfer of training

Children with autism:

show more impairment of meaningless gestures than meaningful ones.

Which factor plays a role in helping the individual concentrate allowing the brain to encode information in order to organize and store memories?

sleeping

When Matthew first arrived at China, he found it very difficult to adapt. Fifteen years later, his family is coming to see him and they are having a hard time recognizing him. He has not only learned the language, but also adapted his attire and personality to his new home. This is an example of:

social conformity.

In children, the dominant process in language learning is _____, while in adults it is _____.

social imitation; semantic memory

If a little boy can hear his mother moving around in the kitchen downstairs in the morning, he can be fairly certain that it is time to get up and have his breakfast. The discriminative stimulus in this example is the:

sounds of his mother moving around.

Tanya remembers that her favorite celebrity is going to have twins, but she can't recall where she heard this bit of gossip. This is an example of:

source amnesia.

Which theory states that the medial temporal lobe structures are needed initially for encoding and retrieval, but their role diminishes over time?

standard consolidation theory

A man would be considered to have a pathological addiction to alcohol if he:

suffers from a medical condition caused by his alcohol use.

A person with damage to the cerebellum would have the MOST trouble with which task?

synchronizing movements with a partner in ballroom dancing

A classical-conditioning explanation for PTSD suggests that PTSD patients:

take longer to extinguish a CR

In elderly people, skill learning:

takes longer than in young adults.

A person's genetically endowed ability to perform a skill better than most is known as a gift or a(n):

talent.

Mary is having trouble hearing her friends when they speak to her. Which part of her brain might be damaged?

temperal lobe

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because:

the CS that is added in the second phase does not provide any new or predictive information.

The idea that stimuli simultaneously evoke both emotions and arousal with neither causing the other is known as:

the Cannon-Bard theory.

Holding a pencil between one's teeth so that one is "smiling," can increase feelings of happiness. This is consistent with the predictions of which theory?

the James-Lange theory

In old age:

the ability to maintain changes in synapse strength may be reduced.

When one hears the word "piano," which part of one's brain helps to link the word with a visual image of a piano, the sound of a piano, and other knowledge one has about pianos?

the association cortex

Which part(s) of a neuron transmit(s) information to other neurons?

the axon

According to studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats, which brain area(s) seem(s) particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats?

the basal forebrain

Which parts of the brain help translate the high-level plans into concrete sets of movements?

the basal ganglia and the cerebellum

In the case of Thorndike's cats learning to escape from a puzzle box, the stimulus (S) was _____ and the response (R) was _____.

the box; their movements that opened the door

The central nervous system is made up of:

the brain and the spinal cord

Which part of the brain helps regulate autonomic functions such as breathing?

the brainstem

Suppose a young man is dating two different women. Which part of his working memory would be responsible for keeping track of when and where he has dated with each of them?

the central executive

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in the functions of which component of working memory?

the central executive

If one hears a cracking twig in the forest at night, which part of amygdala is responsible for causing one's heart rate to increase?

the central nucleus

The areas of the brain that become active during both the observation and performance of actions are located in what region of the brain in both humans and monkeys?

the cortical regions

Which part of the brain seems to be especially important for maintaining habitual or automatic S-R associations?

the dorsal striatum

Every day when Isabelle returns home from work, her son gives her a big hug as soon as she walks through the front door. Now, the sight of the front door makes Isabelle feel happy. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is:

the front door

Which part of the brain is involved in the high-level planning of the movements involved in picking up and using a pencil?

the frontal lobes

In Siegel et al.'s study of heroin tolerance in rats, which group experienced the LOWEST mortality rate when given a large dose of heroin?

the group that received the large dose in the same environment as the group that had received smaller doses

What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in the basketball game?

the insular cortex

The theory that states that the probability of a response will increase or decrease depending on the outcome that follows is:

the law of effect

Maxwell is excited to see that a graduate from his high school works at a digital company designing games. He selects computer programing and engineering as his major at college, hoping to enjoy the same excitement when he succeeds. This example illustrates that individuals are likely to copy models when:

the outcome they observe is a positive one.

Which part of the brain seems to be critical for working memory and executive control?

the prefrontal cortex

What is the name of the narrow gap across which neurons pass chemical messages to each other?

the synapse

Which part of the brain is often considered to be the "sensory gateway to the brain"?

the thalamus

Which area of the brain was informally known as the "pleasure center" after Old's experiment where the rats "liked" the electrical stimulation?

the ventral tegmental area

Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the frontal cortex?

the ventral tegmental area

Which part of the brain seems to be involved in encoding and retrieval?

the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

In Baddeley's working memory model which system holds visual and spatial images for manipulation?

the visuospatial sketchpad

Which component of working memory would be responsible for remembering the locations of objects?

the visuospatial sketchpad

The idea that memories are stored across the brain as a whole is called the:

theory of equipotentiality

According to the video, children with an ACE score of 4 or more are more likely to _____________.

to develop heart disease as an adult

With repeated administration of a drug, an organism will require larger and larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. This is known as:

tolerance

Which principle was demonstrated by Godden and Baddeley's finding that divers remembered material best if they learned and were tested in the same environment?

transfer-appropriate processing

Jenny suffered a heart attack, after which she experienced memory loss that lasted about 24 hours. From what type of amnesia did Jenny suffer?

transient global amnesia (TGA)

If one is waiting to purchase an item from the vending machine and the person in front loses some money and one decides not to risk losing one's money and use another machine, this is known as social:

transmission

Payton observed his father raking up leaves in the front yard. Payton proceeded to get a rake and raked up leaves just like his father did. This is an example of:

true imitation.

If one wants to retain a list of letters in one's short-term memory, one should:

try to group them so they form words.

Electrical stimulation of the _____ is reinforcing to rats.

ventral tegmental area

Research suggests that phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad processes take place in the _____ prefrontal cortex, while central executive functions take place in the _____ prefrontal cortex.

ventrolateral; dorsolateral

According to Aristotle's principle of frequency, the ideas of "chair" and "table" are linked because people see chairs and tables together:

very often.

Classically conditioning animals by using one electrode to generate neural firing patterns that would occur during the sensation of a sound and pairing that with stimulation from a second electrode that provokes a reflexive motor response is known as what kind of training?

virtual reality

The children's game Concentration involves finding pairs of cards that match by turning over two at a time, and replacing them if they do not match. The game requires memory for the locations of the cards. This game makes particular use of the:

visuospatial sketchpad