Learning chapter 5

Systematic desensitization

A behavioral fear reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed.

Conditioning

A fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose their averse qualities

Observational Learning

A form of cognitive learning in which we learn by observing others, regardless of whether we perform what we learn or not.

Cognitive Map

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Programmed Learning

A method of teaching that breaks down tasks into small steps, each of which is reinforced and then combined to form the correct behavior.

Unconditioned Response

A natural Reaction that happens without behavioral modification.

Higher Order Conditioning

A previously neural stimulus comes to serve as a learned or conditioned stimulus after being paired repeatedly with a stimulus that has been already became a learned or condition stimulus.

Continuous reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced.

Reflex

A simple unlearned response to a stimulus .

Secondary reinforces

Acquire their value through being associated with established reinforces. Ex: money

Stimulus

An environmental condition that elicits a response.

Model

An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism.

Primary reinforces

Are effective because of the organisms biological makeup. Ex: food, water, warmth, and pain.

Discriminative Stimulus

Are signals and cues that provide information about when an ope rant will be reinforced.

Successive Approximations

Behaviors that are progressively closer to a target behavior.

What is learning?

Cognitive psychologists define learning as the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience.

Punishment

Decrease the tendency that the behavior will occur again.

Flooding

Fear evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm fear responses are extinguished.

Classical Conditioning

Happens when the neutral stimulus is presented flowed by the unconditioned stimulus.

Condition Stimulus

Has the ability to make a response happen that the unconditioned stimulus once did.

what is the contribution of B.F Skinner to psychology of learning?

He discover Op-rent Learning .

Reinforcement

Increase the tendency that the behavior will happen again.

Why do many psychologist disapprove of punishment?

It often Fails to achieve the goals of parents, teachers, and others.

Latent Learning

Learning that is hidden or concealed.

Behavior Modification

Learning that teach adaptive behavior and extinguish or discourage mal-adaptive behavior.

Variable Ration Schedule

Means that the reinforcement is delivered after an average number of correct responses has occurred.

Bio Feedback Training

People receive reinforcement in the form of information.

Fixed Interval Schedule

Reinforcement happens after a consisted amount of time has passed.

Fixed Ration Schedule

Reinforcement only happens after a fix number of responses.

Variable Interval Schedule

Responses are reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed.

Positive Reinforcement

Something is being added so that the behavior will happen again.

Positive Punishment

Something is being added to decrease the tendency of the behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Something is being taken away so that the goal behavior will happen again.

Shaping

Successively reinforce behaviors that approximate the target behavior before you can shape a behavior you have to know the target behavior.

Generalization

Tendency for a stimuli similar to the condition stimuli to elicited a response similar to the condition response.

Neutral Stimulus

Things you can sense with your senses but it does not produce the reflex tested.

Unconditioned Stimulus

Triggers some Physical Response.

Discrimination

When an organisms learn to make a response to some stimuli but not others.

Extinction

When the condition stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Condition response

learned response

Partial reinforcement

refers to a situation in which a behavior is reinforce only some of the time. It is more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement.

Negative Punishment

something is being taken away to decrease the tendency of the behavior.

Spontaneous recovery

spontaneous occurrence of the previous condition response doesn't last long ans is not as strong

Ope-rant Conditioning

the relationship between behavior and their consequences and how the consequences influence the behavior.