Learning quiz chapter 25

The expansion of Islam into East Africa during the nineteenth century had the effect of

As one historian explained, Islam had always approved of slavery for non-Muslims and Muslim heretics, and "the jihads created a new slaving frontier on the basis of rejuvenated Islam." In 1900, the Sokoto caliphate had at least 1 million and perhaps as many as 2.5 million slaves.

Why did European colonial powers lift, or give preference to, some native groups over others?

Europeans needed help governing the colonies. The process of maintaining domination through providing advantages to a select few is referred to as hegemony, and it explains why relatively small numbers of Europeans were able to maintain control over much larger populations without constant rebellion and protest.

Why did Europeans prefer to rule their colonies indirectly through a local elite?

Europeans saw this approach as a cost-effective way to limit rebellions and protests.

How did the founder of the Sokoto caliphate, Uthman dan Fodio, create his Islamic empire?

He spread his Islamic teaching among both Fulani herders and Hausa peasants. Uthman dan Fodio launched a jihad in 1804 directed against the Hausa rulers of Gobir and recruited discontented Fulani cattle raisers as the backbone of his army.

One argument for Western imperialism in Africa was the need to expand what belief system into the continent?

Imperialists claimed that peace and stability under European control would permit the spread of Christianity. In Africa Catholic and Protestant missionaries competed with Islam south of the Sahara, seeking converts and building schools. Some peoples, such as the Ibo in Nigeria, became highly Christianized.

What was the most persuasive Western argument against European imperialism?

Many Western critics of European imperialism struck home with their moral condemnation of whites imperiously ruling nonwhites. Critics charged Europeans with applying a degrading double standard and failing to live up to their own noble ideals. Europeans imposed military dictatorships on Africans and Asians, forced them to work involuntarily, and discriminated against them shamelessly. Only by renouncing imperialism and giving captive peoples the freedom idealized in Western society would Europeans be worthy of their traditions.

Western imperialists "opened" what region to trade while leaving it politically independent for most of the nineteenth century?

Most of the nineteenth century was characterized by limited economic penetration of non-Western territories, notably China and Japan. Still, the economic "opening" of non-Western regions was backed by military force.

What happened to the Afrikaners after the South African War of 1899-1902?

The British had promised the Afrikaners representative government in return for surrender in 1902, and they made good on their pledge. The Union of South Africa, under a joint British-Afrikaner government within the British Empire, began the creation of a modern segregated society that culminated in an even harsher system of racial separation, or apartheid, after World War II.

As the slave trade diminished along Africa's Atlantic coast, what simultaneous development occurred in worldwide patterns of slavery?

The Red Sea and Indian Ocean slave trade increased. As more nations, including the United States, joined Britain in outlawing the slave trade, the shipment of human cargo slackened along the West African coast. At the same time the ancient but limited shipment of slaves across the Sahara and from the East African coast into the Indian Ocean and through the Red Sea expanded dramatically.

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 established what principle upon which Europeans claimed African territory?

The principle of effective occupation meant that European powers could push relentlessly into the interior and guaranteed that no single European power could claim the entire continent.

Which of the following statements describes the locals who eventually became the anti-imperialist leaders in Europe's African and Asian colonies?

They developed a burning desire for human dignity, which they saw as incompatible with foreign rule. Nonconformists—the eventual anti-imperialist leaders—developed a burning desire for human dignity. They came to feel that such dignity was incompatible with foreign rule.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

To bring order to European imperialism in Africa; To bring order to the competition for African colonies, Premier Jules Ferry of France and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of Germany arranged a European conference on Africa in Berlin in 1884-1885. The Berlin Conference, to which Africans were not invited, established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on "effective occupation" in order to be recognized by other states.

Why did violent resistance in Asia and Africa to Western imperialism usually fail?

Western military technology was superior.; Violent antiforeign reactions exploded in Asia and Africa again and again, but the superior military technology of the industrialized West almost invariably prevailed.

In this advertisement for Pears' Soap, the concept of cleanliness is most effectively tied to the concept of

civilization. The white missionary in the lower-right corner hands the soap to an ostensibly "less-civilized" person from a shipment in the lower-left corner. The man in the center using the soap, US Admiral George Dewey, helped conquer the Philippines in 1898.