LEC CH1:History of Microbiology

Lister; Nightingale

Antiseptic medical techniques Hospital microbiology

Leeuwenhoek

Bacteriology (bacteria) Protozoology (protozoa) Mycology (fungi) Parasitology (protozoa and animals) Phycology (algae)

Ehrlich

Chemotherapy

The hypothesis that cowpox could provide protection against smallpox was tested by ________ and provided the basis for the first vaccine.

Edward Jenner

Beijerinck; Winogradsky

Environmental microbiology Ecological microbiology

Koch

Etiology

Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the ________ for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria.

Gram stain

Some critics of Spallanzani's experiments thought that the reason sealed flasks were unable to spontaneously generate microorganisms was that there was not enough air present to support life. How did Louis Pasteur respond to this claim?

He modified the experiment to include air as treatment. Yes. When an experiment does not take into account all variables, it may be necessary to include more treatments within the experiment.

How did Francesco Redi attempt to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?

He performed a series of experiments involving decaying meat and maggots. Yes. Redi showed that maggots do not spontaneously arise from nonliving meat, but instead come from flies depositing eggs.

The principle of disinfection to reduce HAIs (healthcare associated infections) among patients was initially introduced by

I. Semmelweis and J. Lister.

Pasteur

Industrial microbiology Food and beverage technology

Semmelweis; Snow

Infection control epidemiology

Work by ________ laid the foundations of immunology with the development of vaccines.

Jenner and Pasteur

The work of ________ lead to improvements in sewage control and other public hygiene measures.

John Snow

Buchner

Microbial metabolism Genetics Genetic engineering

Who studied fermentation?

Pasteur

Which of the following steps is NOT included in the scientific method?

Repeat experiment until desired result is achieved. Yes. If an experiment yields results contradictory to the hypothesis, it is then necessary to reject or modify the hypothesis rather than repeat the experiment.

Jenner; von Behring; Kitasato

Serology Immunology

If the results from an experiment contradict the hypothesis, what should be a scientist's next step?

The scientist should reject or modify the hypothesis. Yes. If the results of the experiment do not align with the hypothesis, it is necessary to either reject the hypothesis or change the hypothesis and retest it.

Ivanovsky

Virology

Koch's work involving anthrax was significant because it was the first time __________.

a bacterium had been proven to cause a disease

Put the following steps of Koch's postulates in order: a. The suspected infectious agent must be isolated and grown outside the host. b. The suspected infectious agent causes the disease when it is introduced to a healthy, experimental host. c. The suspected infectious agent must be found in every case of the disease. d. The suspected infectious agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.

c, a, b, d Koch's postulates begin with demonstrating the existence of a particular infectious agent in all cases of the disease and end with a process of causing the disease in experimental animals.

When conducting an experiment, it is generally necessary to include __________ groups that are treated exactly the same as treatment groups except for the condition being tested.

control Yes. Typically, control groups serve to eliminate all other conditions in an experiment, besides the ones being tested.

Spallanzani's experiments concerning spontaneous generation were NOT universally accepted because __________.

he eliminated air from his flasks by sealing them

The technique developed by Hans Christian Gram is important for bacterial

identification.

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases?

puerperal fever

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat

syphilis.

Which of the following contribute to the successful application of Koch's postulates?

the development of techniques for sterile transfer of bacteria

What is spontaneous generation?

the theory that living organisms may arise from nonliving matter Yes. The theory of spontaneous generation was developed to explain how life seems to come from nonliving matter. An example would be the production of maggots from decaying meat.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to

view microorganisms and record these observations.

Which of the following types of microbe was NOT observed by Leeuwenhoek?

virus

What is a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question. Yes. A hypothesis is an informed explanation for an observed phenomenon.

Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy?

Ehrlich

True or false: Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water.

False

True or false: Robert Koch sought a "magic bullet" for the treatment of disease caused by bacteria.

False

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery?

Lister

Which scientist definitively ended the debate over spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur Yes. Through the use of vials with S-shaped necks, Pasteur was finally able to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation.

Gram

Microbial morphology

Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation?

Needham

Whose experiments supported the existence of a "life force" that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life?

Needham

All of the following individuals showed that cleanliness played a role in human disease EXCEPT __________.

Nightingale Semmelweis Jenner *** created the smallpox vaccine Lister

Fleming

Pharmaceutical and microbiology

Linnaeus

Taxonomy

Louis Pasteur's experiments disproving spontaneous generation were different from John Needham's in which important way?

The necks of the flasks Pasteur used were bent into an S-shape and left open to the air.

True or false: Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

True

The experiments conducted by John T. Needham using infusions were interpreted as supporting the theory of

spontaneous generation.