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what afferent fibers innervate mm spindles

Ia, II

ischemia meaning

Lack of blood supply

what efferent fibers innervate mm spindles

Y (gamma) motor neurons

what is the function of kinesthetic receptors

adjust relfex inhibition of adjacent mm when excessice strain is placed on the joint

extrafusal mm fibers are innercated by ____________ and what do they do?

alpha motor neurons, generate force

nociceptors are found in every tissue of body except for the _____

brain

conscious sensations or perceptions are intergrated in the....

cerebral cortex

itch is stimulated by certain....

chemicals

cold or warm receptors: - located in statum basale epidermis - attached to medium myelinated A fibers - activated by temps between 10 and 35C

cold receptors

free nerve endings =

dendrites

encapsulated nerve endings =

dendrites incapsulated in connective tissue

if stimulation is diffuse, visceral P can be severe involding _____ or _____ of and internal organ

distension, ischemia

what is sensory modality

each unique type of sensation

what sensory receptor detects - other somatic visceral sensations (pressure, vibration, touch)

encapsulated nerve endings

receptors related to external environment

exteroceptors

what makes up the majory of skeletal mm fibers

extrafusal mm fibers

true or false: sensory receptors for somatic sensations are distributed evenly

false

fast or slow pain: - acute, sharp, prickly - propagates along mylinated A fibers - percisley localizes, typically superficial tissues

fast

itch and tickle are mainly associtated with....

free nerve endings

thermal sensations are associated with ____ ___ ___

free nerve endings

what sensory receptors detect - P - temp - tickle - itch- some touch sensations

free nerve endings

what step of sensation production does this occur: - GP in a sensory neuron eraches a threshold and triggers 1 or more nerve impulses

generation of nerve impulses

gustatory receptors are where

in taste buds

hair cells are located in the _____ ___ for hearing

inner ear

receptors related to internal environment

interoceptors

what does it mean by "stimulation is diffuse"

involding a large area

tendon organs are found at the

junction of tendon and mm

somatic slow P is typically well ___

localized

what type of stimulus is detected in sensory receptors

mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic energy

mm spindle (intrafusal mm fibers) infrom CNS about .....

mm length and rate of change

where are proprioceptors located

mm, tendons, joints, inner ear

proprioceptors are located in _____ and ____ or ____ of the _____

muscles, tendons, hair cells, inner ear

what responds to painfull stimulu resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

nociceptors

is visceral P localized

not always

what detects osmotic pressure of body fluids

osmoreceptors

_____ sensations are a protective function by signaling the presence of tissue damaging conditions

pain

what are nociceptors

pain receptors

slow adapting receptors are associated with.....

pain, body postition, blood chemical compostition

temps below 10C and above 45C primarly stim _____ receptors rather than ______ receptors

pain, thermal

kinesthesia

perception of body movements

proprioception

perception of body position

what detects light that striked the retina of the eye

photoreceptors

general visceral senses

pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, tempurature

receptors related to body position and movement

proprioceptors

tendon organs and joint kinesthetic receptors are what kind of receptors

proprioceptors

cold and warmth adapt _____ at the onset of stimulus

rapidly

corpuslces of touch and hair root plexus are _________ ______ receptors for touch

rapidly adapting

lamellated corspuscles and corpuscles of touch are _____ ____ receptors for vibrations

rapidly adapting

what adaptations can sensory receptors make

receptor potential, nerve impulses, perception

where are photoreceptors

retina

conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

sensation

this is the process of..... - stim sensory receptors - transduction of stimulus - generation of nerve impulses - integration of sensory input

sensation

intrafusal mm fibers (mm spindle) are innervated by _________ nerves

sensory and motor

what are 1st order neurons

sensory neurons that conduct impulses from PNS to CNS

gustatory receptors, photoreceptors, hair cells are examples of what kind of receptors

separate cells

what type of sensory receptors for special senses

separate cells

deep somatic P is caused by stim of receptors in.....

skeletal mm, joints, tendons, fascia

superficial somatic P is caused by stim of receptors in the ____

skin

fast or slow pain: - chronic, burning, aching, throbbing - gradually increases in intensity - propagates along unmylinated C fibers - occurs in superficial/deep tissue or internal organs

slow

tendon organs are slow or fast adapting receptors

slow

type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors are ____ ____ receptors for touch and pressure

slowly adapting

proprioceptors in the inner ear adapt....

slowly and slightly

what are cutaneous sensations

somatic sensations that aride from stimulating skin surface

separate cells are involved with ____ senses

special

what process of sensation does this describe? - appropriate stim occurs within sensory receptors receptive field

stimulation of sensory receptor

rapid adapting receptors signal changes in ____

stimulus

slow adapting receptors continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as ____

stimulus persists

_______ receptors: -copuscles of touch -hair root plexus -type I cuteneous mechanoreceptors -type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors - lamellated corspuscles - free nerce endings

tactile

what kind of sensations are these: - touch - pressure - vibrations - itch - tickle

tactile sensations

4 main modalities of somatic sensations

tactile, thermal, pain, proprioception (TTPP)

what are the areas with the highest density of somatic sensory receptors

tip of tongue, lips, fingertips

receptors convert energy to stimuli into graded potential

transduction

in what step of sensation processing does transduction and selectivity occur

transduction of stimulus

true or false: adaptation are characteristics of most sensory receptors

true

true or false: each type of sensory receptor transduces only 1 kind of stimulus

true

true or false: nociceptors can be activated by intense thermal, mechanical, chemical stim

true

true or false: nociceptors exhibit very little adaptations

true

true or false: receptors are microscopic structures

true

true or false: visceral P can be felt in surface area far from stimulated organs

true

true or false: P may persits even after pain producting stimulus is removed

true

true or false: these are the types of sensory receptor structures: - free nerve endings - encapsulated nerve endings - separate cells

true

what receptors respond to pressure in the capsule of joints

type I and II mechanorecpetors

interoceptors (visceroceptors) impulses are ussually ______ perceived (except strong stimuli)

unconsciously

what does perception mean and where does it happen

understanding, cerebral cortex

rapid adapting receptors are associated with .....

vibrations, touch, smell

visceral P is caused by stim in receptors of....

visceral organs

interoceptors are also known as

visceroceptors

what are the special senses

vision, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium

cold or warm receptors: - located in dermis - attached to small unmyelinated C fibers - activated by temp between 30 and 45 C

warm receptors

proprioceptors in the inner ear also allow what?

weight disrimination

where are joint kinesthetic receptors found

within and around articular capsules of synovial joints

general somatic senses

(TTPP) touch, temp, pain, proprioception

coactivation of Y efferents occur to maintain ___ ____ sensitive to changes in mm length even as mm congracts and shorten

(muscle) mm spindles

intrafusal mm fibers are specialized fibers called...

(muscle) mm spindles

stretch reflex are monitorted by

(muscle) mm spindles


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