lecture 1 3
what afferent fibers innervate mm spindles
Ia, II
ischemia meaning
Lack of blood supply
what efferent fibers innervate mm spindles
Y (gamma) motor neurons
what is the function of kinesthetic receptors
adjust relfex inhibition of adjacent mm when excessice strain is placed on the joint
extrafusal mm fibers are innercated by ____________ and what do they do?
alpha motor neurons, generate force
nociceptors are found in every tissue of body except for the _____
brain
conscious sensations or perceptions are intergrated in the....
cerebral cortex
itch is stimulated by certain....
chemicals
cold or warm receptors: - located in statum basale epidermis - attached to medium myelinated A fibers - activated by temps between 10 and 35C
cold receptors
free nerve endings =
dendrites
encapsulated nerve endings =
dendrites incapsulated in connective tissue
if stimulation is diffuse, visceral P can be severe involding _____ or _____ of and internal organ
distension, ischemia
what is sensory modality
each unique type of sensation
what sensory receptor detects - other somatic visceral sensations (pressure, vibration, touch)
encapsulated nerve endings
receptors related to external environment
exteroceptors
what makes up the majory of skeletal mm fibers
extrafusal mm fibers
true or false: sensory receptors for somatic sensations are distributed evenly
false
fast or slow pain: - acute, sharp, prickly - propagates along mylinated A fibers - percisley localizes, typically superficial tissues
fast
itch and tickle are mainly associtated with....
free nerve endings
thermal sensations are associated with ____ ___ ___
free nerve endings
what sensory receptors detect - P - temp - tickle - itch- some touch sensations
free nerve endings
what step of sensation production does this occur: - GP in a sensory neuron eraches a threshold and triggers 1 or more nerve impulses
generation of nerve impulses
gustatory receptors are where
in taste buds
hair cells are located in the _____ ___ for hearing
inner ear
receptors related to internal environment
interoceptors
what does it mean by "stimulation is diffuse"
involding a large area
tendon organs are found at the
junction of tendon and mm
somatic slow P is typically well ___
localized
what type of stimulus is detected in sensory receptors
mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic energy
mm spindle (intrafusal mm fibers) infrom CNS about .....
mm length and rate of change
where are proprioceptors located
mm, tendons, joints, inner ear
proprioceptors are located in _____ and ____ or ____ of the _____
muscles, tendons, hair cells, inner ear
what responds to painfull stimulu resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue
nociceptors
is visceral P localized
not always
what detects osmotic pressure of body fluids
osmoreceptors
_____ sensations are a protective function by signaling the presence of tissue damaging conditions
pain
what are nociceptors
pain receptors
slow adapting receptors are associated with.....
pain, body postition, blood chemical compostition
temps below 10C and above 45C primarly stim _____ receptors rather than ______ receptors
pain, thermal
kinesthesia
perception of body movements
proprioception
perception of body position
what detects light that striked the retina of the eye
photoreceptors
general visceral senses
pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, tempurature
receptors related to body position and movement
proprioceptors
tendon organs and joint kinesthetic receptors are what kind of receptors
proprioceptors
cold and warmth adapt _____ at the onset of stimulus
rapidly
corpuslces of touch and hair root plexus are _________ ______ receptors for touch
rapidly adapting
lamellated corspuscles and corpuscles of touch are _____ ____ receptors for vibrations
rapidly adapting
what adaptations can sensory receptors make
receptor potential, nerve impulses, perception
where are photoreceptors
retina
conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment
sensation
this is the process of..... - stim sensory receptors - transduction of stimulus - generation of nerve impulses - integration of sensory input
sensation
intrafusal mm fibers (mm spindle) are innervated by _________ nerves
sensory and motor
what are 1st order neurons
sensory neurons that conduct impulses from PNS to CNS
gustatory receptors, photoreceptors, hair cells are examples of what kind of receptors
separate cells
what type of sensory receptors for special senses
separate cells
deep somatic P is caused by stim of receptors in.....
skeletal mm, joints, tendons, fascia
superficial somatic P is caused by stim of receptors in the ____
skin
fast or slow pain: - chronic, burning, aching, throbbing - gradually increases in intensity - propagates along unmylinated C fibers - occurs in superficial/deep tissue or internal organs
slow
tendon organs are slow or fast adapting receptors
slow
type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors are ____ ____ receptors for touch and pressure
slowly adapting
proprioceptors in the inner ear adapt....
slowly and slightly
what are cutaneous sensations
somatic sensations that aride from stimulating skin surface
separate cells are involved with ____ senses
special
what process of sensation does this describe? - appropriate stim occurs within sensory receptors receptive field
stimulation of sensory receptor
rapid adapting receptors signal changes in ____
stimulus
slow adapting receptors continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as ____
stimulus persists
_______ receptors: -copuscles of touch -hair root plexus -type I cuteneous mechanoreceptors -type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors - lamellated corspuscles - free nerce endings
tactile
what kind of sensations are these: - touch - pressure - vibrations - itch - tickle
tactile sensations
4 main modalities of somatic sensations
tactile, thermal, pain, proprioception (TTPP)
what are the areas with the highest density of somatic sensory receptors
tip of tongue, lips, fingertips
receptors convert energy to stimuli into graded potential
transduction
in what step of sensation processing does transduction and selectivity occur
transduction of stimulus
true or false: adaptation are characteristics of most sensory receptors
true
true or false: each type of sensory receptor transduces only 1 kind of stimulus
true
true or false: nociceptors can be activated by intense thermal, mechanical, chemical stim
true
true or false: nociceptors exhibit very little adaptations
true
true or false: receptors are microscopic structures
true
true or false: visceral P can be felt in surface area far from stimulated organs
true
true or false: P may persits even after pain producting stimulus is removed
true
true or false: these are the types of sensory receptor structures: - free nerve endings - encapsulated nerve endings - separate cells
true
what receptors respond to pressure in the capsule of joints
type I and II mechanorecpetors
interoceptors (visceroceptors) impulses are ussually ______ perceived (except strong stimuli)
unconsciously
what does perception mean and where does it happen
understanding, cerebral cortex
rapid adapting receptors are associated with .....
vibrations, touch, smell
visceral P is caused by stim in receptors of....
visceral organs
interoceptors are also known as
visceroceptors
what are the special senses
vision, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium
cold or warm receptors: - located in dermis - attached to small unmyelinated C fibers - activated by temp between 30 and 45 C
warm receptors
proprioceptors in the inner ear also allow what?
weight disrimination
where are joint kinesthetic receptors found
within and around articular capsules of synovial joints
general somatic senses
(TTPP) touch, temp, pain, proprioception
coactivation of Y efferents occur to maintain ___ ____ sensitive to changes in mm length even as mm congracts and shorten
(muscle) mm spindles
intrafusal mm fibers are specialized fibers called...
(muscle) mm spindles
stretch reflex are monitorted by
(muscle) mm spindles
