Lecture 2

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Environmental stimulation

Synaptogenesis can be observed in the adult neurosystem in response to _____ (learning, injury, etc.)

Axons, growth cones

Filopodia extend toward nearby ______ and _____ to form synapses

Synapses

Filopodia extend toward nearby axons and axon cones to form _____

Synapse, axons, dendrites

Filopodia may increase the probability of _____ formation and may physically pull _____ toward the _____

stabilization, maturation, pruning

Fragile-X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), has been proposed to regulate synapse _____, _____ and _____

Dendrite shaft

As neurons mature, filopodia become less motile and retract into the _____ prior to dendritic spine formation

Structural changes

Once activated, CamKII initiates _____ in the neuron

Afferent

Once created, dendritic spines appear to require signals from their _____ neurons to remain intact

Fragile X Syndrome

One of the most common forms of inherited mental retardation

Facial abnormalities, macroorchidism, developmental delay, mental retardation, autism-like behaviors

Phenotypic traits of Fragile X Syndrome include _____, _____, _____, _____, _____

True

True/false: Axon terminals can stimulate dendrite growth

True

True/false: FMRP expression can be behaviorally regulated in the adult animal

False

True/false: FMRP expression cannot be behaviorally regulated in the adult animal

True

True/false: Fragile X Syndrome affects more males than females

False

True/false: axon terminals cannot stimulate dendrite growth

False

True/false: dendritic differentiation occurs at a different time than synapse formation

True

True/false: synaptogenesis is also observed in the adult neurosystem

False

True/false: synaptogenesis only takes place in the child neurosystem

Activity

_____ induces synaptogenesis

FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein)

_____ is a protein that has been proposed to regulate synaptic stabilization and maturation (typically produces in mammalian nervous system)

FMRP

_____ is a protein that may be involved in, or necessary for, the synaptic structural modifications that are known to accompany learning of acrobatic tasks

CamKII

_____ is an enzyme activated by calcium influx which may serve as the signal for the transformation of immature synapses into stable, adult ones

CamKII

_____is an enzyme which stops dendritic growth and may serve as the signal for the transformation of immature synapses into stable adult ones

Afferent

(Afferent/efferent) terminal buttons may stimulate dendritic growth

Decreasing

(Decreasing/Increasing) the level of CamKII in the mature nervous system increases the rate of dendritic growth

Increasing

(Decreasing/increasing) the level of CamKII during early development slows any additional dendritic growth

calcium influx

CamKII is activated by _____into the neuron

Calcium influx

CamKII is an enzyme activated by _____

True

Dendritic development occurs at about the same time as synapse formation

Filopodia

Dendritic growth and patterning is not constant but instead realized through the active extension and retraction of ______

RNA binding, mRNA

FMRP contains _____ domains and interacts with 4% of human fetal brain _____

spine maturation, pruning

FMRP is necessary for normal _____ and _____

synapses, synaptic activity

FMRP is synthesized near _____ in response to _____

Fragile X Syndrome

Failure to produce FMRP results in _____

Long, tortuous

In Fragile-X Syndrome and Patau's Syndrome, the spines have been described as _____ and _____

Fragile X Syndrome, Patau's syndrome

In _____ and _____ , the spines have been described as long and tortuous

Down's syndrome

In ______(a syndrome) neurons are either completely depleted of spines or covered in innumerable small spines

Length, complexity

Increasing activity of axons increases the _____ and _____ of dendritic arbors

slows dendritic growth, speeds up dendritic growth

Increasing the level of CamKII during early development _____ and reductions of CamKII in the mature nervous system _____

Dendritic growth

Increasing the level of CamKII in early development slows down _____

synapse maturation, pruning

Lack of FMRP results in a failure of _____ and _____

Morphology

Spines are classifies according to their distinct _____

Motor cortex

The expression of FMRP is increased in the _____ of adult rats trained in acrobatic tasks

Genetics, extracellular cues, intracellular cues, neuronal activity

The final form of dendritic arbors most likely results from interactions between _____, _____, _____, and _____

Synaptogenesis

The formation of new synapses is called _____

Synapses

The observation that dendrites grow toward sources of input suggests that the formation of _____ may guide dendritic growth.

axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic

Three types of synaptic connections

true

true/false: intracellular signals regulate dendritic growth and synapse formation


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