Lecture 2
Environmental stimulation
Synaptogenesis can be observed in the adult neurosystem in response to _____ (learning, injury, etc.)
Axons, growth cones
Filopodia extend toward nearby ______ and _____ to form synapses
Synapses
Filopodia extend toward nearby axons and axon cones to form _____
Synapse, axons, dendrites
Filopodia may increase the probability of _____ formation and may physically pull _____ toward the _____
stabilization, maturation, pruning
Fragile-X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), has been proposed to regulate synapse _____, _____ and _____
Dendrite shaft
As neurons mature, filopodia become less motile and retract into the _____ prior to dendritic spine formation
Structural changes
Once activated, CamKII initiates _____ in the neuron
Afferent
Once created, dendritic spines appear to require signals from their _____ neurons to remain intact
Fragile X Syndrome
One of the most common forms of inherited mental retardation
Facial abnormalities, macroorchidism, developmental delay, mental retardation, autism-like behaviors
Phenotypic traits of Fragile X Syndrome include _____, _____, _____, _____, _____
True
True/false: Axon terminals can stimulate dendrite growth
True
True/false: FMRP expression can be behaviorally regulated in the adult animal
False
True/false: FMRP expression cannot be behaviorally regulated in the adult animal
True
True/false: Fragile X Syndrome affects more males than females
False
True/false: axon terminals cannot stimulate dendrite growth
False
True/false: dendritic differentiation occurs at a different time than synapse formation
True
True/false: synaptogenesis is also observed in the adult neurosystem
False
True/false: synaptogenesis only takes place in the child neurosystem
Activity
_____ induces synaptogenesis
FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein)
_____ is a protein that has been proposed to regulate synaptic stabilization and maturation (typically produces in mammalian nervous system)
FMRP
_____ is a protein that may be involved in, or necessary for, the synaptic structural modifications that are known to accompany learning of acrobatic tasks
CamKII
_____ is an enzyme activated by calcium influx which may serve as the signal for the transformation of immature synapses into stable, adult ones
CamKII
_____is an enzyme which stops dendritic growth and may serve as the signal for the transformation of immature synapses into stable adult ones
Afferent
(Afferent/efferent) terminal buttons may stimulate dendritic growth
Decreasing
(Decreasing/Increasing) the level of CamKII in the mature nervous system increases the rate of dendritic growth
Increasing
(Decreasing/increasing) the level of CamKII during early development slows any additional dendritic growth
calcium influx
CamKII is activated by _____into the neuron
Calcium influx
CamKII is an enzyme activated by _____
True
Dendritic development occurs at about the same time as synapse formation
Filopodia
Dendritic growth and patterning is not constant but instead realized through the active extension and retraction of ______
RNA binding, mRNA
FMRP contains _____ domains and interacts with 4% of human fetal brain _____
spine maturation, pruning
FMRP is necessary for normal _____ and _____
synapses, synaptic activity
FMRP is synthesized near _____ in response to _____
Fragile X Syndrome
Failure to produce FMRP results in _____
Long, tortuous
In Fragile-X Syndrome and Patau's Syndrome, the spines have been described as _____ and _____
Fragile X Syndrome, Patau's syndrome
In _____ and _____ , the spines have been described as long and tortuous
Down's syndrome
In ______(a syndrome) neurons are either completely depleted of spines or covered in innumerable small spines
Length, complexity
Increasing activity of axons increases the _____ and _____ of dendritic arbors
slows dendritic growth, speeds up dendritic growth
Increasing the level of CamKII during early development _____ and reductions of CamKII in the mature nervous system _____
Dendritic growth
Increasing the level of CamKII in early development slows down _____
synapse maturation, pruning
Lack of FMRP results in a failure of _____ and _____
Morphology
Spines are classifies according to their distinct _____
Motor cortex
The expression of FMRP is increased in the _____ of adult rats trained in acrobatic tasks
Genetics, extracellular cues, intracellular cues, neuronal activity
The final form of dendritic arbors most likely results from interactions between _____, _____, _____, and _____
Synaptogenesis
The formation of new synapses is called _____
Synapses
The observation that dendrites grow toward sources of input suggests that the formation of _____ may guide dendritic growth.
axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic
Three types of synaptic connections
true
true/false: intracellular signals regulate dendritic growth and synapse formation
